zoology quiz 2

what symmetry does ecdysozoa have?

bilateral

what symmetry does lophotrochozoa have?

bilateral

do ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa have the same symmetry? if so, what kind?

yes, bilateral

what is the common feature of all ecdysozoa

they have an external cuticle and undergo moulting (ecdysis)

how many times has segmentation evolved separately? what groups of animals?

3 times, in ecdysozoa, annelids, and chordates

how many basic body plans are there in ecdysozoa? what are they?

2- worm like and insect like

what is the name for the worm like body plan

cycloneuralia

what is the name for the insect like body plan?

panarthropoda

how many phyla are in the ecdysozoan group?

8

what phylum in ecdysozoa are distinguished by scalids and a retractable introvert?

loricifera

what forms the ecdysozoan clade menatoidea

phylums nematoda and nematomorpha

what are characteristics of the clade nematoidea? (4 things)

worm like body plans, collagen cuticles, hydrostatic skeleton, longitudinal muscles

what kind of life style(s) do all nematomorpha take on?

parasitic (with vestigial gut)

what kind of life style(s) do nematodes take on?

free living or parasitic

are nematodes or nematomorphs larger?

nematomorphs

what upgrades do nematodes have

sensilla, amphids, a true gut

how many phyla are in the panarthropoda clade? what are they?

3 phyla- arthropoda, onycophora, tardigrada

which phylum in panarthropoda is closest to the ancestral body plan?

onycophorans

what kind of limbs do onycophorans and tardigrades have?

unjointed walking limbs called lobopods

how do tardigrades obtain oxygen?

through diffusion because they are small due to loosing middle part of their body

what processes allow tardigrades survive in many conditions?

cryptobiosis

what are tagma

functional groupings formed from segments in arthropods

what kind of circulatory system does arthropoda have

open circulatory system

what kind of eyes do arthropods have?

most have compound eyes

how many times did flight evolve in insects?

once

how many tagmata do trilobites have?

three

what do trilobites use for respiration and swimming?

antennae and limbs with feather like gills

Do chelicerates have mandibles?

No- they have chelicerae instead

how many tagmata do chilicerates have?

2

how many pairs of appendages do chilicerates have? where? what are they?

6 pairs, on cephalothorax, chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs walking legs

what are the characteristics of horse shoe crabs

external book gills and a posterior telson (tail like)

characteristics of sea spiders

small abdomen, long cephalothorax, long thin legs

what is the mandibulata hypothesis in arthropods

groups together three arthropod subphyla with mandibles (myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea)

what may have been the first animals to becomes terrestrial?

myriapods

what are myriapod eyes made of?

ocelli (they are simple)

characteristics of myriapods

simple eyes, 2 tagmata, mandibles, maxillae, many pairs of legs, 1 pair antennae

what are the tagmata of myriapods?

head and trunk

how many pairs of legs do the class chilopoda have per segment?

1

how many pairs of legs do class diplopoda have per segment

2

what kind of mouthparts do crustaceans have

mandibles, 2 pairs maxillae, 2 pairs maxillipeds

characteristics of crustaceans

2 pairs antennae, biramous limbs

what are crustacean larvae called? what process do they undergo?

naupilus larvae, undergo metamorphasis

what does the head cuticle form in crustaceans

a carapace

characteristics of subphylum hexapoda

chitinous exoskeleton, compound eyes, uniramous appendages, 3 pairs jointed legs, 1 pair antennae

how many tagmata do hexapoda have

3- head, thorax, abdomen

what are winged insects called

pteragotes

what are wingless insects called

thysanura

what 2 groups are winged insects divided into

paleoptera (no wing folding) and neoptera (wing folding over abdomen)

how many large hexapods are there

none

characteristics of echinoderms

calcareous skeleton, water-vascular system, pentaradial symmetry

what are the 4 classes of echinoderms

sea urchins, sea cucumber brittle stars, sea stars

5 characteristics of chordates

notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, postnatal tail

4 vertebrate adaptations

W shaped muscles, endoskeleton, digestive and respiratory upgrades, brain and sensory system

what are the 2 major clades of bony fishes

Actinopterygii (ray finned) and Sarcopterygii (lobe finned)

what are the most diverse group of fish?

teleost (ray finned)

what has evolved in bony fishes

mobile scales, countercurrent respiration, swim bladders

what are challenges that amphibians face on land

fluid density, temperature, drought, UV

when longitudinal muscles contract, what happens to the shape of the worm?

it becomes short and fat or it can bend from one side to another

when the circular muscles contract, what happens to the shape of the worm?

it becomes longer

advantages of a hydrostatic skeleton

allows easy movement and burrowing, can change shape to hide

disadvantages of a hydrostatic skeleton

keeps organisms relatively simple

are nematoidia coemolates?

they are pseudocoelomates

what do chelicerae do

mash

what do mandibles do

crush/ grind

how many tagma do chelicerata have

2- cephalothorax and abdomen

how many tagma do myriapoda have

2- head and trunk

how many tagma do crustacea have

2- cephalothorax and abdomen

how many tagma do hexapoda have

3- head, thorax, abdomen

what do hexapoda use for respiration

trachea and spiracles

main benefit for having a closed circulatory system

more efficient at pumping blood around with nutrients

what do chelicerata use for respiration

book lungs and spiracles

what side is the madreporite on in Asteroidea?

aboral

what side is the madreporite on in brittle stars

oral

what side is the madreporite on in echinoidea?

oral

what side is the madreporite on in holothuroidea

it is internal, free in coelom

What is the common name for elasmobranchs

sharks and rays

what are dermal denticles?

teeth like scales covering shark skin that allows streamlining of swimming

how are the liver and intestine different in sharks than humans?

liver used for buoyancy and intestine in shorter but has spiral inside for food to move, more efficient

difference in the scales of scales of teleosts and non-teleosts

teleosts have light flexible scales that allows more mobility while non-teleosts have ganoid scales that are inflexible

how does respiration work in bony fishes

countercurrent exchange, water is opposite blood flow so there is a diffusion of oxygen from water to blood

are actinopterygians oviparous, oviviparious, or viviparous

most are oviparous (egg laying), few are viviparous (live bearing)

why did tetrapods move to land?

more food, more oxygen, less competition, and more body heat available

what are the difficulties with transitioning to land?

air temperature is less stable, air is not supportive and is dry, UV is harsh

what is the group name that encompasses frogs, salamanders, and caecilians?

lissamphibians

how have salamanders adapted to terrestrial environments?

eggs are fertilised internally, then laid in the water

what groups is actinopterygii split in to

non-teleosts and teleosts

Benefit of amniotic egg in reptiles

allows oxygen to diffuse and protects offspring in land habitats

what kind of fertilisation produces an amniotic egg

internal fertilisation

how do reptiles breathe

rib ventilation- ribs cause inflation and deflation of lungs to allow breathing

what animals are in the squamate clade

lizards and snakes

3 main traits of squamates and what they are/do

kinetic skull (allows eating large prey), hemipenis (1 pair of penises), determinate growth (they grow until they reach sexual maturity)

what kind of sex determination do lizards have

genetic and temperature

what kind of sex determination do snakes have

genetic

characteristics of lizards

ectothermic, good vision, chemoreception, adaptations to terrestrial environments with lipids in skin and low amount of water in urine

characteristics of snakes

ectothermic, poor vision, no moveable eyes, no external ears, can sense vibrations and good chemoreception

characteristics of turtles

no teeth, internal fertilisation, temperature sex determination, ectothermic

how do turtles respire

with gut, forcing gut downwards to expand lungs and upwards to deflate lungs

characteristics of crocadilians

strong jaw, secondary palate for breathing through nose when underwater

sex determination of crocadilians

temperature

what kind of feathers do birds use for steering flight

tail feathers