Human Bio Lab Exam 1

SU25

Cell (plasma) membrane

Separates the inside of the cell from its outside environment

Nucleus

Houses DNA, called chromatin

Ribosomes

Found in cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER; sites of protein synthesis (makes protein)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Protein synthesis due to presence of ribosomes; packages proteins into vesicles (has ribosomes on it)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Modification of products from rough endoplasmic reticulum (packages)

Secretory vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that house products for secretion from cell (transports)

Mitochondria

Site of ATP production

Fat vacuole

stores fat

Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles containing digestive enzymes for waste removal (digestive)

Centrioles

Control movement of chromosomes during mitosis (aids or helps cell division)

Interphase

looks like a normal cell; most cells you see will be in interphase 90% normal

Prophase 1st

Chromatin begins to condense into chromosomes, which become visible as dark structures in the middle of the cell

Metaphase 2nd

Chromosomes are aligned in center of cell

Anaphase 3rd

Daughter chromosomes are being pulled towards opposite poles

Telophase 4th

The process of cytokinesis is first evident by appearance of a cleavage furrow.

Daughter cells/ Interphase 5th last

The process of cytokinesis is complete; there are now two separate cells.

Epithelial tissues

coverings or linings of hollow organs. This tissue is in contact with either the external environment or the fluids in the internal environment. For example, food touches epithelial tissue in your mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach and intestine. The same is true for urine, blood, etc.

Simple squamous

Look for the cheek (a top down view of individual squamous cells) or lung alveoli (a side view) slide

One layer of flat, thin cells

Function: diffusion and filtration

Locations: lung alveoli, kidney glomerulus, capillary walls

Simple cuboidal

Look for the thyroid or kidney (tubule) slide

One layer of squarish cells

Function: secretion and some absorption

Location: any secretory gland (e.g. sebaceous glands and sweat glands in the skin), kidney tubules and other ducts

Simple columnar

Look for the jejunum slide

One layer of tall, rectangular-like cells

Look for goblet cells that secrete mucus

Function: absorption or secretion

Location: lining of small intestine, vas deferens and other high pressure ducts

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Look for the trachea slide

• One layer of mostly rectangular-like cells. But, because the nuclei are at all different heights and not all the cells reach the free surface, this looks like more than one layer of cells.

• Function: protection, removal of foreign material

• Location: nasal cavities & sinuses, pharynx, trachea, & bronchi of lungs

• Look for goblet cells here too

• Look for cilia on the free surface. These are "hair-like" projections that sweep mucus and dirt along these cells.

Stratified squamous

Look for the thick skin slide, esophagus slide, or anus slide

• Many layers of flat, thin cells stacked on top of each other

• Function: protection against abrasion

• Location: epidermis, oropharynx (throat), anal canal

Connective tissues

this group of tissues is probably the most diverse group, but there is one main unifying feature: the presence of a matrix. The matrix is material that separates the cells from each other. Unlike epithelial tissues where the cells are put together like a brick wall or path, connective tissue cells are unevenly spaced and have matrix in between.

In this way, the connective tissues are more like a stone path where grass (matrix) grows in between the stones (cells). The matrix can be solid (e.g. bone), semi-solid (e.g. cartilage) or liquid (e.g. blood).

Areolar connective tissue (collagen)

• Function: attach one tissue/organ to another, separates muscles

• Location: under skin, surrounding vessels, glands, muscles & nerves

Adipose (fat)

• Function: this is fat-it is for energy storage and insulation under skin and cushioning around organs (padding)

• Location: under skin, around heart, kidneys, eyes, hips, breast

Dense regular connective tissue (White Fibrous c.t. slide)

• Parallel rows of collagen fibers with very small fibroblasts

• Function: connection of two structures together, for example tendons and ligaments (Strong connections)

• Location: tendons, ligaments,Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

• All cartilages have the same basic appearance. The differentiation is with subtle variations in the matrix, size of cell spaces (lacunae).

• Hyaline cartilage has the matrix most homogenous in appearance and midsized lacunae

• Function: support

• Location: costal (rib) cartilage, end of nose

Elastic cartilage

• ____ cartilage has very obvious dark staining elastic fibers in the matrix, large lacunae

• Function: provide flexible support

• Location: outer ear, epiglottis in larynx

Fibrocartilage

• Fibrocartilage has the smallest lacunae that are widely spaced apart.

• Function: support, (padding, protection)

• Location: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis,

Skin Model

is the first organ system of the body we will study. It is an organ system because there is more than one organ type present. Several of the specialized skin structures you'll study are organs because there is more than one tissue type present. For example, some of the touch receptors we look at have both connective and nervous tissue, which qualifies it as an organ. We will also look at two types of skin: thin (scalp) and thick (sole of foot, or palm). The significance is that, in each case, the outermost layer (the epidermis) is stratified squamous epithelial, but individual layers of stratified squamous cells are only visible in the thick skin.

Epidermis layers

skin models show an enhanced view of the individual layers of the epidermis

• stratum corneum

• stratum lucidum

• Stratum granulosum

• stratum spinosum

• stratum basale

Dermis layer

• Pacinian/pressure corpuscle

• Meissner's/touch corpuscle

• Hair follicle

• hair shaft o hair root

o hair bulb containing hair papilla

• Arrector pili muscle

• Sweat gland (both types)

• Sebaceous gland

Hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer

adipose tissue

Simple Squamous: Other Locations

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Adipose (connective) Tissue

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Hyaline Cartilage

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