Key Terms in Human Anatomy and Physiology

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone. Alcohol inhibits it.

Adrenal gland

Right side, above right liver, creates aldosterone.

Afib

Bag of worms.

Agglutination

Clumping of cells due to antigen/antibody reaction.

Albumin

60% regulate osmotic pressure, carries lipids, carries hormones.

Aldosterone

Sodium and chloride.

Anticoagulant

Prevents blood clotting.

Antihistamine

Reduces inflammation.

Atrium

Receives blood.

AV node

Picks up signal from SA node, sends it to bottom of ventricles.

Basophils

Stimulates heparin, stimulates histamine.

Bicuspid valve

Prevents backflow between left atrium and left ventricle.

Balance capsule

Outer cover that protects glomerulus.

Chordae tendineae

Heart strings. They open and close valves.

Coagulate

To clot / blood clotting.

Creatinine

Waste from muscle contraction.

Cystic fibrosis

Chromosome 7, excess mucus, missing enzyme, 1962 heel prick, and it's recessive.

Cytolysis

Increase in a cell due to H2O gain until burst.

Distal

Ventricles are relaxed, valves closed, no noise.

Diffusion

Movement of any substance from greater concentration to less concentration without energy.

Dominant

Allele expressed when dominant.

Embolism

Obstruction of blood vessel by a clot.

Endocardium

Inner layer of heart.

Eosinophil

Produce antihistamine, red-loving, fights parasites.

Epicardium

Outer layer of heart.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells carry oxygen. Live 120 days. Made in red bone marrow.

Erythropoietin

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

Facilitated diffusion

Helper diffusion.

Fibrinogen

4% clotting.

Filtrate

Fluid filtered from blood to nephron, and it can be good and bad.

Gated channel

Part of membrane that allows molecules like glucose in.

Glomerulus

Ball of capillaries create blood pressure.

Hemoglobin

Pigment, oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cell.

Hemophilia

Unable to clot blood.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a gene.

Hilum

Indent in kidney.

Homozygous

Having identical alleles for a gene.

Hypertonic

More solute outside than inside.

Hypotonic

Less solute outside than inside.

Leukocytes

White blood cells fight off infection.

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies. Immune response. Live from months to years.

Major calyx

Collects urine from minor calyx.

Minor calyx

Collects urine from renal pyramid.

Monocyte

Kidney-shaped nucleus. Lives several weeks. Cleanup team.

Myocardium

Middle layer of heart. Muscular.

Nephron

Functional unit of kidney.

Neutrophil

First to respond. Seek and destroy.

Osmosis

Movement of water from greater concentration to less concentration without energy.

Pericardium

Sac that holds the heart. The fluid reduces friction.

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

Phenylalanine builds up in brain. Irreversible and recessive.

Plasma

Liquid yellow portion of blood. Transport.

Plasmolysis

Shrinking of a cell due to H2O loss.

Pleiotropy

More than one outcome. It's in sickle cell anemia.

Polygenic

More than one gene determines an outcome, like height.

Purkinje fibers

Enable ventricles to contract from bottom up.

Recessive

Allele expressed when homozygous.

Renal capsule

Outer covering of kidney. It's used for protection.

Renal columns

Space between renal pyramids.

Renal cortex

Outer layer where nephrons are found.

Renal medulla

Middle layer where renal pyramids and renal columns are found.

Renal pyramid

Collects urine from nephron.

SA node

Pacemaker.

Septum

Wall dividing the ventricles.

Systole

Thumping, ventricles contract, and valves are open.

Tay-Sachs

Recessive. Chromosome 15. Bright red spot on retina.

Thrombocytes

Platelets.

Thrombus

Blood clot.

Tricuspid valve

Prevents backflow from right atrium to right ventricle.

Turgor pressure

Water inside the cell, pushing against the cell wall.

Urea

Waste from breakdown of proteins.

Ureter

Carries urine from kidney to bladder.

Urethra

Carries waste away from body.

Uric acid

Waste from RNA.

Urinary bladder

200 mL urge to go. 500 mL push through sphincter.

Urine

Water, urea, bacteria, dead cells, uric acid, and creatinine.

Ventricle

Pumps blood.