CSAD 125 Test 1 Study Guide

What are the 4 phases of Locke's model?

1. Vocal learning

2. Utterance acquisition

3. Analysis and computation

4. Integration and elaboration

What is the age of onset of the vocal learning phase of Locke's model?

Prenatal

What are the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of the vocal learning phase of Locke's model?

Specialization in social cognition

What are the linguistic domains of the vocal learning phase of Locke's model?

1. Prosody

2. Sound segments

What is the age of onset of the utterance acquisition phase of Locke's model?

5-7 months

What are the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of the utterance acquisition phase of Locke's model?

Specialization in social cognition

What are the linguistic domains of of the utterance acquisition phase of Locke's model?

Stereotyped utterances

What is the age of onset of the analysis and computation phase of Locke's model?

20-37 months

What are the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of the analysis and computation phase of Locke's model?

Grammatical analysis mechanism

What are the linguistic domains of the analysis and computation phase of Locke's model?

1. Morphology

2. Syntax

3. Phonology

What is the age of onset of the integration and elaboration phase of Locke's model?

3+ years

What are the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of the integration and elaboration phase of Locke's model?

1. Social cognition 2. Grammatical analysis

What are the linguistic domains of the integration and elaboration phase of Locke's model?

1. Expanded lexicon

2. Automatized operations

What issues in phase 2 can cause a delay in progressing through the phases of Locke's model?

Too few utterances are stored in this phase to activate the analytic mechanism

What are 5 possible causes of lexical delays?

1. Inadequate linguistic stimulation

2. Poor hearing

3. Low intelligence

4. Brain damage

5. Primary affective disorder

How can it be that children with normal hearing who are reared by nurturing parents are denied access to appropriate linguistic stimulation, according to Locke?

These children may have utterance processing limitations that may reduce the stimulation of and thereby the neuro-developmental challenge to experience-dependent language mechanisms in the brain

Lexical delays at 3 years may be predicted from what?

Low comprehension 6-12 months earlier

Evidence supports lexical delay in association with what?

Neuro-maturational delay

The work of Locke and others suggests that if language development does not occur in sequence and on time, what is affected?

The ability to effectively process language

What is speech?

The actual process of making sounds

What is language?

1. What a person does with speech

2. A vehicle for communication

3. A social tool used to accomplish goals

4. A dynamic process

What is the difference between speech and language?

You can have language without speech (writing, gestures, ASL) but you cannot have meaningful speech without language

What is phonology?

1. The systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language

2. The study of the linguistic rules that specify the way in which phonemes are organized and combined into syllables

3. The sound system of a language and rules that govern the sound combos

What is morphology?

1. Word structure

2. The meaningful sequence of sounds

What is syntax?

The system governing the order and combination of words to form sentences

What is semantics?

Meaning/word knowledge

What is pragmatics?

1. Language use in social situations

2. The system that combines ALL of the other language components to form functional and socially-appropriate communication

What is morphology bound by?

Rules of grammar

When was nativist theory proposed?

In the 1950's

Who first proposed nativist theory?

Noam Chomsky

According to nativist theory, language is a product of what?

The human brain

According to nativist theory, what are children both with?

A language acquisition device (LAD)

According to nativist theory, what applies to ALL languages?

Universal rules of grammar (UG)

According to nativist theory, what shapes the unique rules of a child's first language?

The environment

What is cognitive theory considered a variation of?

Nativist theory

What does cognitive theory emphasize?

Cognition

What are 2 focuses of cognitive theory?

1. The child's regulation of learning

2. Internal aspects of behavior

According to cognitive theory, a child must acquire what before learning what?

A child must acquire concepts before learning rules

Who supported a strong cognitive hypothesis?

Piaget

What did Piaget believe?

That children acquire necessary cognitive processes that lead to higher levels of language development

What are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory?

1. Sensoriomtor

2. Preoperational

3. Concrete operations

4. Formal operations

Memory tip: Remember the silly sentence "Stupid Piaget can't fly!"

Do cognitive theorists believe that language is innate?

No

Do cognitive theorists believe that language is learned?

No

Cognitive theorists believe that language emerges because of what?

Cognitive growth

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A behavioral psychologist

Did B.F. Skinner describe language as mental or cognitive?

No

According to behaviorist theory, do innate mechanisms foster acquisition of verbal behaviors?

No

According to behaviorist theory, what fosters acquisition of verbal behaviors?

Learning

According to behaviorist theory, what is important?

Events in a child's environment

According to behaviorist theory, a child only learns what language?

The language that he or she is exposed to

According to behaviorist theory, verbal behavior is shaped and maintained by what?

Members of a verbal community

What do clinicians who work from a behaviorist perspective focus on? (2 points)

1. Targeting observable behavior

2. Manipulating a stimulus and response with reinforcement

What is information-processing theory concerned with?

Cognitive functioning

What is information-processing theory not concerned with?

Cognitive structures/ concepts

According to information-processing theory, what are the steps of information processing? (4 steps)

1. Attention

2. Discrimination

3. Organization

4. Memory/retrieval

What 5 concepts are important according to information-processing theory?

1. Organization

2. Memory

3. Transfer

4. Attention

5. Discrimination

What type of processing plays a big role in information-processing theory

Auditory processing

What does the social interactionism theory hypothesize?

Human language has come from the social communication function of language

Is language function the focus of the social interactionism theory?

Yes

Is language structure the focus of the social interactionism theory?

No

According to social interactionism theory, people are motivated to do what?

To interact socially with others

According to social interactionism theory, why do infants begin to react and respond to human faces?

Because people are motivated to interact socially with others

Whose theories contributed to social interactionism theory?

Vygotstky's

According to social interactionism theory, what is language?

A tool for social interaction

According to social interactionism theory, how is knowledge acquired?

Through social interaction with MORE competent and experienced language users

What 2 concepts does the social interactionism theory stress?

1. Verbal guidance

2. Modeling

What are 2 other components of social interactionism theory?

1. Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

2. Scaffolding

What did Vygotsky believe?

Language is learned first through interactions and then it is used to structure thought

What do theorists who follow social interactionism theory believe?

That oral and written language continue to develop across the lifespan

What is form? (3 components)

1. Syntax

2. Morphology

3. Phonology

What is content?

Semantics

What is function/use?

Pragmatics

What are the 2 focuses of the traditional approach?

1. High structure

2. Behavioral approach

What does the traditional approach emphasize teaching?

Specific language forms within a stimulus-response-reinforcement model

What are 3 components of the traditional approach

1. Intensity

2. Consistency

3. Organization

For what 2 groups of clients has the traditional approach been shown to yield some success?

1. Clients with intellectual disability (ID)

2. Clients with language learning disabilities (LLD)

What is a con of the traditional approach?

Generalization of skills from clinical settings to everyday settings

Professional focus is shifting from what to what?

It is shifting from morphological endings and vocab to a more functional, holistic approach focusing on a child's overall communicative effectiveness

What are the 5 hallmarks of a functional approach?

1. Language use as a vehicle for communication

2. Communication-first approach

3. A goal of better communication in the client's natural communication environment

4. Targets and training are focused on the generalization of skills into the everyday environment

5. Giving the client MORE control

What is transfer/generalization?

The application of learned material to new problems

What is near transfer?

When there is minimal difference between learned info and the new area (easier)

What is far transfer?

When there is a substantial difference between the learned info and the new area (hard)

What is content generalization?

The "what" of training

What is context generalization?

The "how" of training"

What are the 6 variables that affect transfer/generalization?

1. Training targets

2. Method of training

3. Language facilitators

4. Training cues

5. Contingencies or consequences

6. Location

What is bottom-up processing?

When less complex stimuli and brand new concepts NOT related to stored info go up to the brain which processes them

What is top-down processing?

When with elaborate stimuli, such as language, the brain activates higher-level/ top-level processes and analyzes the incoming info to see how it fits

What are training targets based on?

The actual needs and interests of the child w/in his or her environment

What 2 qualities should training targets have?

1. Functionality

2. Usefulness

The client's environment should be modified to INCREASE the need for what?

The target

What is the result of training targets in more natural linguistic environments?

They will generalize better

What 2 things about a child must a clinician take into account?

1. The child's language level

2. The child's cognitive abilities

What is the best practice for training?

It should occur in how the concept will actually be used within a conversational environment

The method of training may need to blend to include a varying number of what? (4 answers)

1. Facilitators

2. Cues

3. Locations

4. Consequences

Who are language facilitators?

Those besides the SLP who are daily involved with the child

What is the role of the SLP in the lives of language facilitators?

The SLP serves as a consultant

What is the main idea of training cues?

Encouraging child utterances in a subtle manner in conversation

What is the purpose of contingencies/consequences?

To provide feedback as to correctness w/in a conversational context

What are 2 suggestions for therapy locations?

1. Should be varied (clinic, home, school, etc.)

2. Should involve meaningful and relatable activities

What does executive function allow for? ( 9 answers)

1. Planning

2. Cognitive flexibility

3. Abstract thinking

4. Rule acquisition

5. Initiating appropriate actions

6. Selecting relevant sensory info

7. Determining the cognitive resources needed and monitoring and controlling their application while controlling the flow of into

8. Selective attention

9. Coordination and inhibition of stimuli and concepts