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hormones
what do glands secrete?
into the bloodstream to target tissues
where do the hormones secreted go?
endocrine system
helps maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones into the bloodstream and delivers it to a target cell
glands and hormones
what is the endocrine divided into? (2 parts)
sense and respond
how does the body maintain homeostasis?
sense
observe changes in internal and external environment, recognize an imbalance
respond
make appropriate adjustments
chemical, behavioral, physiological
what are the three mechanisms for regulating our internal environment/ maintaining homeostasis?
chemical regulating
hormones
behavioral regulating
YOU CONTROL, putting on a coat, drinking water when dehydrated
physiological regulating
DO NOT CONTROl, kidneys conserve water when dehydrated
hormones
chemical messengers
released from one part of the body
travel through the blood
affect other parts of the body
lock and key
hormone-key, cells-lock
what are hormone and cells like?
target cells
cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
slow and long lasting
what is the speed of the body’s response to hormones?
insulin and glucagon
what are examples of two antagonistic hormones?
decreases blood glucose
what does insulin do to blood glucose
increases blood glucose
what does glucagon do to blood glucose
maintain homeostasis
what do antagonistic hormones do?
gland
organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion
exocrine and endocrine
what are the two types of glands
exocrine gland
releases secretions through tube-like structure out of the body or directly into the digestive system
do NOT release in the blood
sweat, tears, and digestive enzymes
endocrine gland
release hormones directly into the blood, which transports the secretions throughout the body to its target
steriod hormones
lipid made of fats
steroid hormones
what easily crosses the cell membrane and enters the nucleus
can change the pattern of gene expression in a target cell
alters gene expression
hormones are powerful and long lasting
what do steroid hormones do?
freely
how do steroid hormones cross cell membranes?
nonsteroid hormones
made of protiens
can’t pass
non steroid hormones generally ________ through the cell membrane of target cells
binds to receptors on a cell membrane
what do non steroid hormones bind to
hypothalmus
thermometer of the body
helps regulate your internal environment
controls heartbeat, temperature, blood pH, and blood glucose/ water balance
pineal gland
regulates sleep
located in the brain
produces the hormone melatonin
pituitary gland
master gland
produces and secretes growth hormone
thyroid gland
located in neck
secretions such as thyroxine hormone controls metabolism
calcitonin
goiter- deficiency of iodine, results in swelling of the thyroid
parathyroid gland
four glands located in the thyroid
parathyroid hormone (PTH) and lowers bone calcium levels and raises blood calcium
PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic
adrenal glands
situated on top of a kidney
each gland has a n outer portion: adrenal cortex: and an inner portion: adrenal medulla
epinephrine(adrenaline) in response to stress
what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
cortisol in response to stress
what does the adrenal cortex secrete?
pancreas
helps maintain proper blood glucose levels
is both endocrine and exocrine
insulin is released
glucagon is released to stimulate glycogen
glucagon is secreted between meals
stimulates glucose to be sent to the body’s cells and convert unused glucose to gylcogen
what does insulin stimulate in the pancreas?
it is released to stimulate stored glycogen to be transformed into glucose again
why is glucagon released?
glucagon is secreted between meals in response to low blood glucose levels and increases blood glucose levels.
what is glucagon secreted in response to
diabetes mellitus
can be due to hyposecretion of insulin
affects about 4% of the U.S. population
a fasting blood glucose level above 90-100 is an indicator
type one diabetes
GENETIC
insulin-dependent
occurs in childhood'
results from underproduction of insulin
controlled with doses of insulin
type two diabetes
non-insulin dependent diabetes
usually in overweight people
controlled with exercise and diet
glucose
molecule of food energy
glycogen
storage form of glucose
stored in liver
glucagon
hormone that raises blood sugar
produced in pancreas
target is liver
negative feedback
hormones have opposing/ opposite effects of each other
positive feedback
process continues uninhibited
ex.oxytocin
antagonistic hormones
hormones have opposing effect
growth hormone (GH)
pituitary
growth and development
melatonin
pineal
sleep patterns
thyroxine
thyroid
metabolism
calcitonin
thyroid
lowers blood calcium;raises bone calcium
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid
raises blood calcium; lowers bone calcium
thymosin
thymus
helps mature t-cells
epinephrine/ adrenaline
adrenal
fight or flight
cortisol
adrenal
long-term stress
insulin
pancreas
lowers blood sugar
glucagon
pancreas
raises blood sugar