BIO 230 Exam #2 - Bradley University

bronchi

tube leading into lungs before dividing

lungs consist of

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels, ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and brush cells

pneumocyte types

Type I, Type II, Type III

type I pneumocyte

squamous cells, thin, provide for structure and for ease of gas exchange

type II pneumocyte

secrete pulmonary surfactant

type III pneumocyte

brush cells

what kind of cell makes surfactant

pneumocyte type II

what is the purpose of surfactant

changes surface tension (breaks it up)

what happens when surfactant is removed

alveoli are more likely to collapse

the amount of oxygen in the air is not

100%

can the pressure that oxygen can be at change?

yes

when at an elevated level

air is thinner and pressure is lower

when at a higher altitude, the percentage of O2

stays the same, but the pressure changes depending on location

total pressure

sum of all partial pressures

ideal gas law

relating the changes in pressure, volume, and temperature together

when you heat a gas

molecules move more and pressure increases

when you cool a gas

molecules slow down and pressure decreases

when pressure increases, volume

increases

when volume increases, pressure

decreases

pressure and temperature are

proportional

higher pressure and higher temperatures in air will ______ the lungs

expand

high pressures and high temperatures expand the lungs and makes

gas exchange easier

at a higher altitude, there is ____ oxygen

less

why is there less oxygen at higher altitude

not because of percent, but because of pressure changes

molecules are more spread out when

at higher altitudes

gas exchange does not use

active transport

what moves the molecules

differences in pressure

where do molecules typically want to go?

with a concentration gradient

as CO2 is leaving, O2 enters through

passive diffusion

when O2 needs to be picked up by hemoglobin, there is

resistance (flowing into the arteries)

CO2 is more ______

soluble

CO2 requires

less pressure than oxygen

binding =

dissociation

blue oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

low pCO2, H+ temp, high pH

- acidic state and lower temperature does not make O2 bind with hemoglobin well

with a high pH, molecules can

still get the amount of O2 needed when in high demand

green oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

high pCO2, H+, temp, and low pH

- more O2 binding to hemoglobin

the green oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is helpful in the lungs because

they end up with a more alkaline environment

g-binded receptors

b-adrenergic receptor and cholinergic receptor

where does epinephrine come from

sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

bronchodilation

- activates B-andregenic receptor to produce the B-subunit

- activates cAMP

- causes a cascade to block myosin light chain kinase

bronchoconstriction

- activated by the parasympathetic nervous system

- activates GTP --> cGMP

- activates PKG

- activates myosin light chain kinase

cholinergic receptors

their goal is to cause the muscles in the bronchi to contract so the tubes become more narrow (only done when significant expansion of the lungs isn't needed)

myosin light chain kinase

causes the muscle to contract

cGMP activates

MLCK

to get air into the lungs

the pressure needs to be changed (gently)

what works together to expand the chest

ribs and sternum

as the chest expands, the pressure in the lungs

decreases

when the chest expands, air will

rapidly go into the lungs

inspiration

intercostals and diaphragm (pushes down the abdominal contents)

what nervous system accessories work with inspiration

works with the phrenic nerve, specifically C3, C4, C5

membrane on the outside of the lungs

visceral pleura

what is breathing controlled by

the brainstem

blood pH

7.35-7.45 (it allows O2 to bind to hemoglobin)

alkalosis

pH is too high in blood, more basic to get rid of CO2

acidosis

pH is too low in blood, more acidic to bring in more CO2

hypoxia

not taking in the adequate amount of air

barrel chest is seen with

asthma, COPD patients

- hard to remove CO2 (air remains in the lungs)

pectus excavatum

limit inhalation

when doing a pulmonary assessment

- measure chest expansion

- visual inspection

- auscultation

tidal volume

normal breathing

FEV1

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FVC

forced vital capacity

FEV1:FVC

how much vital capacity (VC) you can expel in 1 second

FEF 25-75%

forced expiratory flow or air flow during middle phase of forced expiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

most you can breathe in

residual volume (RV)

volume needed to maintain airway/lung shape

arterial blood gas (ABG)

measures pH, HCO3, and O2/CO2 pressures

the ABG is done to test for

if you are in an alkalotic/acidotic state

pectus carinatum

lower tidal volume, the chest wall is more rigid and less compliant

what will changes in muscle tone of accessory muscles tell us about pulmonary function and physiological?

muscle distress

what air flow and pulmonary functions could FEV1 and FEF25-75% tell us?

FEV1: expel in 1 sec

FEF25-75%: average flow rate, shows us that we could be prone to COPD

obstructive lung disease

greater residual volume

- traps air

- narrowed airways

restrictive lung disease

compliance of the lungs is low

- prevent full expansion of lungs, decreasing overall volume (low tidal volume)

what type of lung disorder is sleep apnea?

obstructive

people with sleep apnea experience

- trouble breathing at night

- hypoxia

- acidosis (elevated CO2)

obstructive sleep apnea

- excess weight/hypermobile jaw

- breathing stopped by blocking of upper respiratory system

- uvula completely closes the airway

central sleep apnea

- impaired breathing due to issues with neural signaling for breathing during sleep

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

why is a CPAP so effective?

- maintains airway pressure and prevents airway collapse during REM

- stable wall pressure

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD is referred to as the

group of disease limiting air flow out, resulting in increased work of breathing

what mainly causes COPD?

smoking, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

what is the state of the alveoli in COPD patients?

more air pressure, with less volume of air

emphysema

- enlargement and destruction of alveoli

- chronic inflammation

- destruction of elastic fibers

- air trapping and increased air flow

bronchitis

- inflammation of bronchioles/bronchi

- air trapping and decreased air flow

- excessive mucus production

bronchitis has a more ______ airway

narrow airway

asthma

constriction of the bronchioles (smooth muscle around them)

what triggers asthma

- allergies

- irritants (smoke)

- exercise

neuroimmune reaction can include

ACH releases an immune cascade

process of asthma affecting a person

- neuroimmune reaction occurs (ACH releases a cascade)

- stimulates the cholinergic pathway (parasympathetic nervous system)

- MLCK gets activated and facilitates the contraction

contraction means

narrowing, harder to get air OUT

contractions could lead to

- high CO2

- hypoxia

- low binding of hemoglobin to O2

asthma meds can include doing things like

- steroids (decrease immune response)

- block the receptor

- block the synapse of the nerves

the immune system can activate the _________ pathway

cholinergic pathway

cystic fibrosis

is a genetic restrictive disease

what type of lung disorder is cystic fibrosis

restrictive lung disease

water follows

salt

cystic fibrosis occurs from

a CFTR gene mutation

CTFR

responsible for transmembrane enzyme

- regulates sodium and water flow in and out of the cell

smaller alveoli have _____ pressure needed to collapse

more pressure