ASCI

may the gods have mercy on us all.

what is the name of the newborn form of these animals

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Pig

Cat

cow- calf

dog- pup

sheep - lamb

chicken/turkey - chick

horse - foal

goat - kid

pig - piglett/pig

cat - kitten

what is the name of the male form of these animals?

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Turkey

Pig

bull - cow

dog - dog

ram - sheep

cock - chicken

stallion - horse

buck/billy - goat

tom - turkey

boar - pig

what is the name of the UNSEXED MALE form of these animals?

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Turkey

Pig

steer - cow

castrate - dog

wether - sheep

capon - chicken

gelding - horse

wether - goat

jakes - turkey

barrow - pig

what is the name of the female form of these animals?

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Turkey

Pig

cow - cow

bitch - dog

ewe - sheep

hen - chicken

mare - horse

doe - goat

hen - turkey

sow - pig

what is the name of the young male form of these animals

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Turkey

Pig

bullock - cow

puppy - dog

lamb - sheep

chick -chicken

colt - horse

kid - goat

jake - turkey

boar - pig

what is the name of the young female form of these animals

Cow

Dog

Sheep

Chicken

Horse

Goat

Turkey

Pig

heifer - cow

puppy - dog

lamb - sheep

chick - chicken

filly - horse

kid - goat

jennie - turkey

gilt -pig

name sone inedible products from animals

manure, fibers, bones, urine

name some edible products from animals

meat, dairy, eggs, honey, organs (as a byproduct)

what are some uses of animals

labor, companionship, service, work

name the 3 domains of animal welface

Physical, Behavioral, Emotional

Name the 5 freedoms of animal welface

FREEDOM FROM hunger/thirst

FREEDOM FROM discomfort

FREEDOM FROM injury/sickness/pain

FREEDOM FROM fear

FREEDOM TO express normal behavior

what is the difference between science and ethics

science is more based on observations while ethics on morality

why has it been so hard to make an official decision on animal welfare

Lack of experience/resources, different views/beliefs, moral debate

what are the 3 r’s in animal research

Reduce, REFINE, replace

what is a clone?

an identical genetic copies of an entire organism

what is a transgenic animal?

the result of foreign dna insertion from a different species or breed, can also be known as the result of genetic engineering/modification

what are some examples of transgenic organisms?

Glofish, lab rat models, GMO (crops, animals) prioritizing production, clones

xenotransplantation

the insertion of foreign tissue/organs form one organism to another

what is Pharming

the modification of animals to use their byproducts in drug development

what is genetic engineering/modification

the alteration of an organism’s genetic code

can transgenic animals be a clone? (that one weird question)

yes, but not all clones are transgenic animals

what is the difference between a clone and a transgenic animal?

a transgenic animal only has a foreign gene, a clone has it’s entire nucleus of genetic info copied.

what is the most common organism used in animal testing

E.coli, mice are the most common ANIMAL though

what are the 5 main nutrient groups

carbs, protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

what else do nutritionists focus on when determining an animal’s diet? (general)

age, health, size, environment, sex ,species

what do ruminants have that make their GI tract unique

a four chambered stomach and special microbes

give some examples of ruminants

cows, sheep, goat

give an example of mono gastric animals

horses, pigs, humans

what purposes do the microbes found in ruminants serve?

when they die they provide nutritional value, they cause fermentation, and they can break down special molecules like cellulose

what is the difference between applied and basic nutritionists

BASIC nutritionists focus on the more technical details, like metabolism or nutrient interactions

APPLIED nutritionists are more in the field and work on more specific cases (breed, species, etc.) they focus on other factors like cost effectiveness, method of delivery, palatability, and diet effects on/in the body

why do chickens have crops?

to store feed while they’re on the move

what is the difference between an allele and a gene

an allele focuses on the phenotype; it’s the variation of the gene

what are the components of a nucleotide

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

what is epistasis

the interaction between genes where one gene determine the expression of another

what are epigenetics

the environment can impact gene expression

how many alleles can be present on one locus at one time

2

what is the difference between codominance vs incomplete dominance

CODOMINANCE - both phenotypes show up in a pattern or splotch

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE - phenotypes are blended

what is testcrossing?

a method used to determine potential genotypes/phenotypes of offspring

what are 2 major forms of genetic variation?

mutations and genetic drift

what is the difference between qualitative and quantitate traits

QUALATATIVE traits can be categorized into groups and not measured

ex: color

QUANTATIVE traits are numerical

ex: weight

what is inbreeding?

the mating between closely related individuals, increases homozygous genotypes in offspring

what are impacts of inbreeding and how can they be undone?

since the animal’s gene pool is much smaller, it’s easier to get desired traits in offspring; but usually those organisms end expressing detrimental recessive phenotypes; so the survival and fertility of the offspring are reduced.

it can be done through crossbreeding.

what is cross breeding?

a form of outbreeding that mates animals of different species, offspring are usually healthy and fertile

(remember, breeds, not species)

What are some examples of biotechnology and reproduction combining?

artificial insemination, estrous synchronization, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization

what is in vitro fertilization?

the collection of an ovum before release from the follicle and the fertilization outside the body

what are gametes and how/where are they produced?

sex cells recreated through meiosis (egg and sperm) in the gonads

what is gene therapy

genetic engineering for medical purposes (overcoming diseases)

what are gonads?

sexual organs that store and create gametes; ovaries for females, testes for males

what hormones do gonads produce

estrogen and testosterone

what is gonadotrophin?

a hormone released in the brain that controls the release of other hormones (LH and FSH) into the bloodstream

which part of the brain releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnrH)

Hypothalamus

what hormone do follicles produce

progesterone

how does the pituitary gland react to the presence of gonadotrophins?

It releases LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormones)

Are these hormones sex exclusive?

no, all of these hormones serve functions in both sexes

what is ovulation

the process in which a developed ovum is separated from the follicle

what happens to the follicle after ovulation?

it produces a hormone to prevent estrus behavior

what is estrus

a period of sexual receptiveness; heat

what happens in the oviduct?

the ovum get’s trapped and fertilized there

what happens when an oocyte becomes fertilized?

it becomes a one cell embryo known as a zygote then divides into a morula and then a blastocyst

what is the difference between an oocyte and an ovum

an oocyte is an immature ovum

what is parturition?

giving birth

what are some things that may occur during a postpartum period?

poor nutrition and presence of offspring and lactation

what is the cervix?

a reproductive structure in females used to separate external (out of the animal) and internal (within the reproductive system) enviroments (birth canal)

what is the cloaca

the exit hole for bird/reptiles; both waste and offspring are produced from this opening

what is herd heath?

a program prioritizing the health of a group animal living together

what is semen and where is it produced

semen is the combination of sperm produced by the testes and fluid produced by accessory glands

what is one health?

the overall collective health and wellbeing of PEOPLE, ANIMALS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

what are some factors worth considering when participating in a herd health program

nutrition - avoiding over or underfeeding

genetic - removing any harmful genetic faults in the group

prevention - invest in vaccines and vet visits

what is a zoonose? how could you contract it?

a disease the can be transported from humans to animals. contact with infected tissue, animal bites , or overall lack of prevention are ways to get infected

what is active immunity

a more sophisticated defense against diseases; uses cell mediated and hormonal immunity, with factors like antibodies or lymphocytes

what is bioterrorism?

intentionally destroying crops/livestock using pathogens or harmful microorganisms, has severe negative economic impacts and results in several casualties

what is a pathogen? give some examples

disease causing agents; bacteria, viruses, parasites, prions

what is a prion?

a malformed protein that can cause damage to the body

what are vectors? (disease wise, not biotechnology wise)

organisms that carry diseases form one animal, or group of animals to another

bugs, rats, or even people.

what are fomites?

inanimate carriers of pathogens, can be unclean surfaces, tools, or objects

what is immunity?

the body’s ability to fend off/destroy disease causing pathogens

what is inflammation?

a process where the body reddens and swells as an immunity response to pathogens

what is the flight zone

the distance around an animal a person can approach before the animal moves

how can you best control the movement of an animal

point of balance and flight zone management

what is etiology?

study of the factors that causes disease (the what)

what is epidemiology?

the study of managing, preventing, and controlling diseases within a population (the how)

what is ethology? and what about applied ethology

Ethology is the study of animal behavior, applied ethology focuses more on domestic animals like companion animals or livestock

what is the difference between operant and classical conditioning

classical conditioning is the association between behavior and a stimulus, where operant condition is the association between a behavior and a consequence

what does positive and negative mean in operant conditioning

the removal or addition of a consequence

why are circadian (24 hr) rhythms important?

they help us understand and track animal processes to better detect any abnormalities

what is oxytocin and where is it produced

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland important to reproductive behavior

how does oxytocin impact the body?

happy hormone; it decreases blood pressure, causes contractions, and a surge of this hormone can facilitate milk let down from the mammary glands

how do you decrease the flight zone of an animal

let it get used to you, tame it

what is milk

the secretion of mammary glands

what is colostrum

early milk, it provides extra nutrients and immune functions (antibodies or immunoglobins) to offspring

where is milk produced?

in the mammary glands, more specifically the alveoli which is composed of secretory cells

what are the nutritional components of milk

lactose - carbs

Casein - protein

fat

calcium (positive cations)

why is milk full of saturated fats?

microorganisms in the rumen saturate fats in the body, which are then transported throughout the body via proteins, depends on the animal’s diet as well.

how does calcium connect to milk?

there are strongly negative proteins in milk which are neutralized/balanced by binding calcium ions form the bloodstream

what is mastitis?

an inflammation of the mammary gland

what is milk fever?

a metabolic disorder caused by a lack of blood calcium in dairy cows

how does an animal’s vision affect it’s behavior

livestock has wide angle vision, area of approach will determine where, how, and if it will move. knowing what an animal can/can’t see is also important to prevent stress

what is the pathway that facilitates milk letdown

Efferent