ap human geography unit 2 unit test

Flashcard set created by verahwu on quizlet :D

overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

environmental determinism

a nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

dependency ratio

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

non-ecumene

uninhabited land on earth

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

zero population growth

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

crude birth and death rate

- the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
- the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

natural increase rate

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

pro-natalist policy

policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area

anti-natalist policy

poicies implemented by a government aiming to decrease the total fertility rate as well as crude birth rate, in order to show the population growth

carrying capacity

the ability of a resource to sustain a population

push and pull factors

- a factor that induces people to leave old residences
- a factor that induces people to move to a new location

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

net in-migration

- people going in
- more immigration than emigration

net out-migration

- people going out
- more emmigration than immigration

brain drain

large-scale emigration by talented people

forced migration

permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors- migration without consent, not by choice

voluntary migration

permanent migration undertaken by choice

migration

a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

refugee

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

internally displaced person

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

remittances

the money or goods that migrants send back to families and friends in origin countries

intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country.

interregional migration

permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

urbanization

migration from rural to urban areas

suburbanization

migration from urban to suburban areas

part 2 - things to know

stage 1 (DTM)
- CBR
- CDR
- NIR
- which countries entered, and when they entered this stage

low growth:
- very high birth and death rates
- no long-term natural increase
- most of human history was spent in stage 1, but no countries remain in stage 1 today
- people mainly depended on hunting and gethering food

stage 2 (DTM)
- CBR
- CDR
- NIR
- which countries entered this stage
- when and why they entered this stage
- what disease is a big cause of death in stage 2 countries?

high growth:
- repidly declining death rates and very high birth rates - very high natural increase
- europe and north america entered stage 2 of the demographic transition after 1750 because of the industrial revolution
- stage 2 did not diffuse to africa, asia, and latin america until around 1950 because of the medical revolution
- cholera is a big cause of death in stage 2 countries

stage 3 (DTM)
- CBR
- CDR
- NIR
- which countries entered this stage
- when and why they entered this stage

- birth rates rapidly decline
- death rates continue to decline
- natural increase rates begin to moderate
- countries often enter stage two when the CDR decreases sharply
- europe and north america moved from stage 2 to 3 during the first half of the 20th century
- asia, and latin america, including chile moved stages in the second half of the 20th century

stage 4 (DTM)
- CBR
- CDR
- NIR
- one example of a country in stage 4

- very low birth and death rates
- no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease
- a country reaches stage 4 when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR (the NIR approaches 0)
- this is called zero population growth (ZPG)
- a total fertility rate of approximately 2.1 produces ZPG
- in stage 4, more women enter the labor force
- denmark is one example of a country that has reached stage 4 (the percentage of young is = percentage of elderly)

stage 5
- CBR
- CDR
- NIR

- very low CBR
- increaseing CDR
- negative NIR
- a stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into child-bearing years, causing lower birth rates
- population will be older
- eventually, stage 5 country will experience an increase CDR becuase of the elderly population

when developed countries entered stage 2

- developed countries enter stage 2 when birth rates are higher than death rates
EXAMPLES:
- europe and north america entered stage 2 of the demographic transition after 1750 because of the industrial revolution
- stage 2 did not diffuse to africa, asia, and latin america until around 1950 because of the medical revolution

when developed nations entered stage 2

- idk...
- if you know lmk :(
- lowkey the same as a country based on the defenitions that i saw

stage 1 (ETM)
- conditions of
- mortality rates
- life expectancy
- population growth
- principle causes (2)
- what did malthus call these causes of death?
- what was the most violent stage 1 epidemic

- high mortality rates
- low life-expectancy
- short periods of population growth

- pestilence and famine (high CDR)
- principle causes of human deaths were infectious and parasitic diseases
- also accidents and attacks by animals and other humans
- malthus called these causes of death "natural checks" on the human population in stage 1
- most violent stage 1 epidemic -the Black Plague
- originated amon Tatars in presend day Kyrgyzstan
- diffused to other countries through infected rats

stage 2 (ETM)
- conditions of
- mortality rates
- life expectancy
- population growth
- what has this stage been called
- one main disease in stage 2

- declining mortality rates
- higher average life expectancy
- longer periods of population growth

- "stage of receding pandemics" (rapidly declining CDR)
- improvement in sanitation, nutrition, and medicine reduce infection disease spread (during the industrial revolution)
- cholera -through construction of water and sewer systems

stage 3 (ETM)
- conditions of
- mortality rates
- birth rates
- facts about women in stage 3

- low mortality rates
- decreasing birth rates

- the stage of degenerative disease (moderately declining CDR) and human-created diseases
- decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
- cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks), and various forms of cancer
- increase in women's status and education, and increase in birth control

stage 4 (ETM)
- name of the stage
- life expectancy and why it changes
- negative in stage 4

- stage of delayed degenerative diseases
- the major degenerative causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and cancers) linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended because of medical advances
- on the other hand, consumption of non-nutrition food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries

stage 5 (ETM)
- why the CDR rises
- three reasons that help explain the possible emergence in stage 5

- CDR rises because of more elderly population
- reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases that were thought to have been eradicated
- new diseases might emerge
- some epidemiologists argue that dismiss recent trends as temporary setbacks in the process of controlling diseases
- evolution, poverty, and increased connections

what did thomas malthus predict

he argued that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the developement of food supplies

why are neo-malthusians embracing his predictions today?

- they are embracing his predictions becuas eof the Earth's unprecedented rate of natural increase during the twentieth century
#1
- malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth because of transfer of medical technology from developed ocuntries
- as a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than malthus had originally anticipated

#2
- world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources
- "new-malthusians paint a frightening picture of a world in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate serach for food, water, and energy"

- overall, they believe that they can stimulate population growth through the use of contraceptions

developed vs. developing nations

- developed countries have lower rates of natural increase, CBR, and total fertility
- developing countries have higher NIR's, CBR's, and total fertility

pronatalist

- policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area
EXAMPLES:
- tax advantages or better welfare benefits for women who have more than one child
- this would encourage families to have more children, in order to get benefits

anti-natalist

- policies that are implemented by a government aiming to decrease the total fertility rate, as well as the crude birth rate, in order to show the population growth
EXAMPLES:
- china's one-child policy

four major clusters

- East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia

other clusters

- western hemisphere:
-Northeastern US, Southeastern Canadaafrica:
- along the atlantic coast of africa
- niger is the most populous country in africa

countries who have lower CBR

- the CBR has declined most rapidly in Latin America and South and Southwest Asia
- as of 2021, south korea is the country with the world's lowest CBR

countries with high CBR
(it says nations, but i can't find that... i've been looking for like 10 minutes)

- africa
- southwest asia

countries with high NIR

- africa
- southwest asia

countries with low NIR

- europe

regions with the largest population of people under age 15

- sub-saharan africa

regions with lowest life expectancy

- europe
- south pacific

ravenstein's model
- what predictions/assumptions he made about migrants

- most migrants travel short distances
- most people migrate for economic reasons
- political and environmental factors also inuce migration, although not as frequently as economic factors
- most long-distance migrants are male
- most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather that families with children

based off the DTM, when and why do countries see net out and in migration

out:
- when the number of emigrants is greater than the number of immigrants
in:
- when the number of immigrants is greater than the number of immigrants
- these are becuase of the changes in CBR, CDR, and NIR through the different stages of the DTM

different types of migration in the different stages of the DTM

stage 1:
- unlikely to migrate
stage 2:
- international and interregional migration from one country's rural areas to its cities
stage 3:
- urban to urban migration
stage 4:
- movement of migrants from city to city and withing individual urban area
stage 5:

examples of interregional and intraregional migration

- rural to urban areas in search of a job
- within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

why migrants move
- three major push and pull factors

- migrants move because they feel their current place of residence so negatively that they feel pushed away, and they view anothe rplace so attractively that they feel pulled towards it
- economic (
- political (slavery, forced political migration)
- environmental (physically attractive regions, pushed away from hazardous regions, (pull - mountains, seasides, and warm climates)

when and why various groups have immigrated into the US
- three main eras of immigration

- colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth century
- most african americans were forced to migrate as slaves
- europeans

- mass european immigration in the late nineteenth adn eary twentieth centuries
- irish and germans immigrated because of economic push factors
- also to escape political unrest
- scandanavians immigrated becuase the industrial revolution had diffused to scandinavia, triggering rapid population increase
- southern and eastern europe

- asian and latin american immigration in the late twentieth adn earty twenty-first century
- asia (china, the philippines, india, and vietnam)
- latin america

which nations have large flows of refugees

- countries bordering afghanistan and iraq, including pakistan, iran, and syria, received the most refugees

where the largest flows of migrants take place today

- europe and north america

which countries have had net-out and net-in migration

out:
- asia
- latin america
- africa
in:
- north america
- europe
- oceania
- also australia and canada

where are that largest number of undoncumented migrants coming from when entering the US?

- mexico
additional info:
- CA and TX have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants
- NV has the largest percentage