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41 Terms
1
Weber's Law
The principle that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
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2
Young-Helmholtz Color Theory
Also known as trichromatic theory, it posits that color perception is based on the relative activity of red, blue, and green sensitive cones.
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3
Opponent-Process Color Theory
Color information is organized into three antagonistic pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.
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4
Place Theory
Relates perceived pitch to the specific location of hair cells along the cochlea.
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5
Frequency Theory
Relates pitch perception to the frequency of sound waves and the firing rate of neurons.
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6
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The theory that sensations from facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
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7
Statistical Significance
A statistical criterion indicating that the probability of observed results happening by chance is less than 5% (p < 0.05).
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8
Template-Matching Theory
A theory of pattern recognition based on the idea of stored copies (templates) of objects.
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9
Prototype-Matching Theory
Recognition involves comparing new stimuli to an existing prototype for identification.
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10
Feature-Analysis Theory
A theory that suggests patterns are recognized by their distinctive features.
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11
Restorative Theory
The theory that sleep is necessary to replenish physical and mental resources.
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12
Adaptive Nonresponding Theory
The idea that sleep and inactivity have evolutionary survival value.
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13
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
The proposal that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity.
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14
Thorndike's Law of Effect
The principle that responses followed by satisfaction are repeated, while those followed by discomfort are not.
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15
Premack Principle
The concept that high-probability behaviors can be used as rewards for low-probability behaviors.
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16
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
The debate in developmental psychology regarding whether development is a gradual, continuous process or a series of distinct stages.
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17
Serial Position Phenomenon
The tendency to recall items from a list better based on their position in the sequence.
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18
Primacy Effect
The improved recall of items presented at the beginning of a list.
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19
Recency Effect
The improved recall of items presented at the end of a list.
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20
Decay Theory
The theory that forgetting is caused by the fading of memory traces over time.
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21
Proactive Interference
The phenomenon where older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.
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22
Retroactive Interference
The phenomenon where newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories.
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23
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
The proposition that a person's language shapes and limits their experiences.
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24
Hull's Drive-Reduction Model
The idea that motivation is based on the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
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25
Cognitive Consistency Theory
The theory that cognitive inconsistencies create psychological tension which motivates individuals to resolve them.
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26
Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that people are motivated to reconcile discrepancies between their beliefs and behaviors.
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27
Arousal Theories
Theories positing that individuals seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal.
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28
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal up to a point, after which performance begins to decrease.
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29
Incentive Theory
The theory suggesting that behavior is motivated by external rewards.
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30
James-Lange Theory
The theory that emotional experiences are the result of bodily changes.
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31
Cannon-Bard Thalamic Theory
The theory that emotion is caused by simultaneous bodily reactions and experiences of emotion.
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32
Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory
The theory that emotions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
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33
Attribution Theory
A framework for understanding how individuals interpret the causes of behavior, distinguishing between personal and situational factors.
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34
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations, often leading to atypical behavior.
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35
Contact Theory
The hypothesis that equal-status contact between conflicting groups can reduce prejudice and increase harmony.
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36
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
A three-stage process (alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion) that the body goes through when responding to stress.
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37
Lazarus's Cognitive-Psychological Model
A theory emphasizing appraisal processes as fundamental to determining stress.
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38
Twin Studies
Research designs that use identical and fraternal twins to assess the relative influence of genetics and environment on behavior.
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39
Personal Construct Theory
A psychological theory that emphasizes individual perceptions as unique systems of reality.
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40
Deinstitutionalization
The process of reducing the population of mental hospitals by transferring patients to community-based facilities, often due to political policy changes and new treatments.
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41
Ainsworth's Strange Situation
An experimental procedure designed to assess attachment style in young children based on their responses to separations and reunions with their caregiver.
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