Cold Water Supply

Water

A combination of two chemical elements called Hydrogen

and Oxygen. Appears in its natural state as:

• Liquid

• Solid (ice)

• Gas (water vapor or steam)

1. Rain water

2. Natural Surface water from streams and rivers

3. Underground water

Sources of Water (3)

1. Entrained gases

2. Dissolved minerals

3. Suspended and colloidal materials

4. Radioactive materials

Impurities in Water (4)

Entrained Gases

These are carbon dioxide,

hydrogen sulfide,

methane, oxygen

and nitrogenous and

organic compounds

Dissolved Minerals

These are calcium,

magnesium sodium,

iron and manganese

and other

carbonates and

silicates, alkyl,

benzene sulfate from

detergents and

synthetic organic

form insecticides and

pesticides

Suspended & Colloidal Materials

Bacteria,

algae, fungi, silt,

protozoa and other

colloidal matters

making the water

colored and acidic

Radioactive Materials

By entertainment of

radioactive substances

from mining or

processing ores, by

wastes from industrial

use of radioactive

materials

100 meter radius

Minimum distance of the location of wells that supply water for public use from residential areas

1. Dug Wells

2. Bored Wells

3. Driven Wells

4. Drilled Wells

Different Types of Individual Well Spring (4)

1. Direct pressure distribution

2. Indirect pressure distribution

Classifications of Public Water Distribution (2)

Direct Pressure Distribution

This type of water distribution, obtain water supply of water

through a large intake pipe, installed in the lake basin

extended down the water.

Indirect Pressure Distribution

Type of water distribution when the water draw from a drilled distribution is done by

indirect pressure.

Water

A prime necessity in all types of households. It is

conveyed from the main to the household or buildings by

means of pipes

1. House service

2. Riser

3. Branches

Classification of Pipes in household or buildings (3)

House Service

Refers to the pipe connection from the public

water main or any source of water supply to the building

service.

Riser

Refers to the vertical supply pipe which extend upward

from one floor to the next.

Branches

These are horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or

fixtures

Water Main

Refers to the public water connection which are laid underground along the streets where the house service is

connected.

1. By normal water pressure from the public main

2. By overhead feed system

3. By air pressure distribution system

Types of Cold Water Distribution (3)

Overhead Feed System

Air Pressure Distribution System

Alternative solutions for water for inadequate water pressure

Overhead Feed System

Supplies water to the

plumbing fixtures by means of gravity. This type of water distribution

is one of the oldest types. The water is pumped to a large tank on top of the

building and distributed the water to the different fixtures.

Air Pressure Distribution System

A new concept in water

distribution where

compressed air is used as the delivery agent. This type of water

distribution is fast

superseding the other types.

1. Large Storage Tank

2. Single or Duplex Centrifugal Pump

3. Air Compressor

4. Automatic Pressure Control Switch

Mechanical Devices Used in Air Pressurized water supply system

"Air is elastic or compressible, and water is inelastic or non-compressible"

The theory where the operating principle of an air pressured water distribution

system was based

Direct Up-Feed Pumping System

An innovation of the air pressurized water distribution. This type of water distribution is used on tall building that

could not be served adequately by the street main.

Triplex Pump

Installed to operate in sequence according to the volume demand.

Sensor

Each pump is equipped with this, programmed at a minimum and maximum operating pressure with automatic on and off

switch depending upon the volume of demand.

1. Eliminate the construction of large house water tank.

2. Avoid cost of heavy structures to carry the house tank.

3. Eliminate periodic cost.

Advantages of Direct Up-feed Pumping Systems (3)

Friction

Refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water with the fittings

and interior surface of the pipe.

Friction

Resistance between the molecules of water.

Pressure

The force required to move the water

inside the pipe. It is the only means necessary to overcome

friction.

Static Pressure

Pressure exerted by the water at rest.

Normal Pressure

Pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours.

30 to 40 psi

Normal pressure for a residential house

Greater than 50

psi

Amount of water pressure that may cause pipe hammering or even bursting of pipe joints.

Pressure Reducing Valve

Installed to minimize excessive water pressure

Pressure Reducing Valve

This will keep the pressure constant at

40 psi or can be reset to any other pressure desired.

Critical Pressure

Refers to the maximum and minimum

pressure at which proper function of the water supply system

can be maintained.

Head Loss by Friction/Friction Head Loss

The loss in rate

of flow, due to friction between the water and the walls of the

pipe.

Pressure Loss

refers to the variations in pressure between

the water main and the outlet end of the water service.

Friction

General cause of pressure loss

1. Simultaneous draw of use of water

2. Height or distance to which the water must flow

3. Fluctuation of water pressure in the water main

4. Mineral elements in water that adhere to the interior of the

pipe reducing the diameter.

5. Inadequate size of the pipe.

Other causes of Pressure Loss (5)

1. Peak load

2. Emergency draw

3. Breakdown of lines or pumping unit

4. Insufficient water level at the water system reservoir

Causes of water pressure fluctuations (4)

Maximum Demand

Refers to the maximum water discharge

of fixtures in terms of fixture units.

Fixture Unit

An arbitrary quantity in terms of which the load producing

effects or water requirements on the plumbing system of

different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some

arbitrarily chosen scale.

Private Use

plumbing fixtures in residences and apartments, to private

bathrooms in hotels and

hospitals, to rest rooms in commercial establishments for

restricted use, single fixture or group of single fixtures and to similar installations where the

fixtures are intended for the use of a family or an individual.

Public Use

All buildings or

structures that are not defined as private or private use.

1. Piston Pump

2. Centrifugal Pump

Two types of water pump commonly used for water distribution in building

Piston Pump

Used on small water

distribution system for

elevating water in wells or other sources

1. Single Action Pump

2. Double Action Pump

3. Duplex of Twin Piston Pump

Types of Piston Pump (3)

Centrifugal Pump

Associated with

tall building water

distribution system.

1. Gate Valve

2. Globe Valve

3. Angle Valve

4. Check Valve

5. Foot Valve

6. Safety Valve

Different Types of Valves in Water Supply Systems (6)

Gate Valve

A valve in which the flow of water

is cut off by means of a circular disc fitted against machine-

smoothed faces, at right angles to the direction of flow.

Globe Valve

A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a

circular disc that fits over and against the horizontal valve seat.

Angle Valve

Used in making

90 degrees turn in a line to reduce number of joints.

Check Valve

a valve that

automatically

closes to

prevent the flow

of liquid or gas in

a reverse

direction

Foot Valve

"Retention valve;" Located at the lower end of the pump to prevent loss of priming the pump.

Safety Valve

Used in cold water systems,

heating systems, compressed

air lines, and other pipelines

with excessive pressure.

1. Corporation Stop

2. Curb Stop

3. Curb Stop Box

4. Meter Stop

5. Water Meter

Other water service fittings and devices (5)

Corporation Stop

Inserted into the water

main, it serves as a control of the water service. Serves as shut off, when the service is

disconnected.

Curb Stop

Installed between the curb

and the sidewalk line

accessible to cast iron

stop box equipped with

removable cover.

Meter Stop

Controlling stop of the

entire water supply in the

building

Water Meter

A device used to measure

the amount of water that

passes through the water

service.