Science Olympiad 2021 Anatomy and Physiology | The Skeletal System * Disorders, Diseases, and Conditions*

Spinal Stenosis

narrowing of the spinal column

Achondroplasia

Defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphysis of long bones (dwarfing)

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

chronic inflammatory diseases involving the joints or other organs in children under 16

Ankylosing spondylitis

immobility of a joint in the spine

Osteosarcoma

malignant sarcoma of bone

Osteoporosis

Loss of bone mass that occurs throughout the skeleton. Predisposes people to fractures

Disc Herniation

Rupture of the soft tissue that separates two vertebral bones into the spinal canal

Scoliosis

a lateral curvature of the spine.

Bursitis

Description: inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction

Symptoms: pain and swelling

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, aspiration of excessive fluid.

Tendonitis

Description: Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

Symptoms: pain and swelling

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, aspiration of excessive fluid.

Arthritis

- Over 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases.

Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint

Causes: Bacteria

Treatment: Antibiotics

Forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Description: Most common type of arthritis.

Course: caused by the increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage e exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement.

Joints affected: cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips

Treatments: Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity, Magnetic therapy, Glucosamine sulfate, s-adenosylmethionine.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Description: Chronic-inflammatory-autoimmune disease- idiopathic

Signs and Symptoms: joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and

cardiovascular problems

Coursefrom handout:*

1. exacerbations and remissions

2. RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint

3. Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling

4. Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus

5. Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect

6. The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers

Treatmentsfrom handout:*

-Conservative therapy

-Progressive treatment

-Embrel

Conservative therapy

aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy

Progressive treatment

anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants

Embrel

a biological response modifier, removes cells that promote inflammation

Gouty Arthritis

Description: Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammatory response.

Affected joint: Base of great toes

Result: the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint.

Treatment: colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids