Period 2

Primary Goal of Spanish Colonization

The extraction of wealth, initially through minerals and later through cash crops such as sugar and tobacco.

Encomienda System

A labor system established by the Spanish that subjugated indigenous populations to work for the benefit of colonial settlers.

Hacienda System

An agricultural system focused on land ownership where indigenous laborers were tied to the land via a debt repayment system.

Spanish Religious Objectives

To convert indigenous Americans to Christianity, largely through the establishment of missions throughout their territories.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A major resistance movement where the Pueblo people resisted Spanish domination and religious suppression, leading the Spanish to later adopt a mix of tolerance and repression.

Casta System

A strict social hierarchy based on racial lineage, with pure-blooded Spaniards at the top and indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans at the bottom.

Comparison of Dutch and French Settlement

Both empires focused primarily on trade rather than extensive settlement of the land.

French Colonial Goals

Established trade partnerships, notably in the beaver fur trade, with limited efforts at religious conversion.

French Religious Tactics

Missionaries avoided brutal control tactics, which resulted in limited success in converting indigenous populations.

Dutch Colonial Goals

Established New Amsterdam as a trading port focused on the fur trade with no interest in religious conversion.

Economic Interactions with Indigenous Peoples

Unlike the Spanish who sought to subjugate natives, the French and Dutch partnered with indigenous peoples for economic gain.

British Motivations for Settlement

Social mobility, economic prosperity (e.g., tobacco), religious freedom (e.g., Puritans), and improved living conditions.

British Settlement Characteristics

Aimed for complete societies separate from indigenous peoples.

New England Colonies (e.g., Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay)

Settled by families for religious reasons; governed democratically via town meetings and the Mayflower Compact; economy focused on subsistence farming, fur, timber, and fish.

Middle Colonies (e.g., New York, Pennsylvania)

Characterized by ethnic/religious diversity and economic prosperity based on grain production; Pennsylvania was a model for religious tolerance.

Chesapeake and North Carolina Colonies

Focused on wealth and tobacco production; transitioned from indentured servitude to African slavery after (1619); utilized the Virginia House of Burgesses for representation.

Southern Colonies & British West Indies

Heavy reliance on enslaved labor for plantation agriculture (primarily sugar); enacted slave codes to maintain dominance over large enslaved populations.

Virginia House of Burgesses

A legislative entity in the Chesapeake colonies representing early developments in colonial self-governance.

William Penn

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who established it as a model of religious tolerance and representation.

Mayflower Compact

An early governing document of the New England colonies that established a form of democratic rule.

Triangular Trade

A trade network where New England shipped rum to West Africa for enslaved Africans, who were then traded in the West Indies for sugar to be sent back to New England.

Impact on Indigenous Economies

The introduction of European goods through trade altered native economic structures and shifted existing power dynamics.

Ecological and Biological Impact

The spread of European diseases through trade routes devastated indigenous populations.

Mercantilism

An economic system revolving around a favorable balance of trade (maximizing exports and minimizing imports) to benefit the imperial power.

Navigation Acts

British laws designed to enforce mercantilist policies by restricting colonial trade to British ships and ports, resulting in growing colonial resentment.

Salutary Neglect

A period of lax enforcement of British trade regulations which allowed the colonies a degree of autonomy and led to anger when enforcement later tightened.

Beaver Wars

A series of conflicts rooted in territorial expansion and alliances, significantly complicated by the interests of European colonial powers.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

A large-scale conflict where an alliance of indigenous groups under Metacom fought against British colonists, resulting in the destruction of many towns and massive losses for the indigenous population.

Pueblo Revolt ($$1680$)

A resistance movement by the Pueblo people against Spanish domination in which they killed Spaniards and destroyed churches; the Spanish later returned with a mix of tolerance and repression.

Impact of Trade on Indigenous Peoples

The trade of European goods altered local economies and power dynamics, while the accidental introduction of European diseases devastated native populations.

European-Indigenous Alliances

Complex relationships developed as European powers formed strategic partnerships with various indigenous groups for both trade and military purposes.

Spanish Mission System

A colonial structure intended to convert indigenous Americans to Christianity, often integrated into the labor and social control systems of the Spanish empire.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

A conflict between former indentured servants and the Virginia government that led to a shift away from indentured servitude toward a more controllable African slave labor force.

Covert Resistance

Subtle ways enslaved people resisted their condition, including slow work, maintaining secret family structures, and preserving their native cultural traditions.

Overt Resistance

Open and visible acts of rebellion against slavery, such as the Stono Rebellion, which often resulted in the passage of stricter slave codes.

Stono Rebellion

A notable overt slave uprising that incited fear among plantation owners and led to the tightening of slave codes to maintain dominance.

Labor Shift in the Chesapeake

The transition from indentured servitude to African slavery as the primary labor system for cash crop production (tobacco) after 1619.

Slave Codes

Laws enacted, particularly in the Southern colonies and British West Indies, to define the status of enslaved people and maintain white dominance amid large enslaved populations.

Diversity & Unity

The hosting of various immigrant groups within the colonies, which eventually led to the development of a shared identity.

Great Awakening

A major religious revival in the colonies that created emotional and spiritual connections among diverse populations.

Enlightenment Influence

European rationalist thought that emphasized individual rights and affected colonial political philosophy, fostering suspicion of elites.

Anglicization

The process by which colonial society began to mirror British customs and social structures, creating hierarchies with wealth disparity and limited social mobility.

Governance Structure

Colonial political systems that mirrored British models while maintaining a level of local autonomy.

Territorial Disputes

Conflicts caused by the colonists' desire to move westward, which clashed with British policies focused on maintaining peace with indigenous populations.

Desire for Self-Rule

The reaction against British interference, such as impressment, which fostered a sense of autonomy and resentment toward external governance.

Impressment

A practice of forced recruitment into the British navy that served as a specific point of tension and a catalyst for the colonial desire for self-rule.

Trade Parameters (Navigation Acts)

Restrictive British laws on colonial trade that led to increased smuggling and growing opposition to imperial economic control.

Smuggling

A common colonial response to the restrictions of the Navigation Acts, reflecting the divergence between colonial interests and British authority.

Cause: Spanish desire for mineral wealth and agricultural labor

Effect: Implementation of the Encomienda and Hacienda systems to subjugate indigenous populations.

Cause: Spanish religious suppression and forced labor

Effect: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which temporarily expelled the Spanish from New Mexico.

Cause: French and Dutch focus on the fur trade

Effect: Development of trade partnerships with indigenous peoples rather than large-scale settlement or religious conversion.

Cause: Religious persecution and economic hardship in England

Effect: Increased British migration to North America for religious freedom (Puritans) and social mobility.

Cause: Success of labor-intensive cash crops like tobacco in the Chesapeake

Effect: Transition from indentured servitude to a permanent system of African slavery.

Cause: Enslaved populations outnumbering white settlers in the Southern colonies and West Indies

Effect: The enactment of strict slave codes to maintain control and dominance.

Cause: British policy of Mercantilism

Effect: Passage of the Navigation Acts to enforce colonial trade through Britain, leading to colonial resentment and smuggling.

Cause: Period of Salutary Neglect

Effect: Colonists developed a degree of autonomy and self-governance, which increased friction when British enforcement later resumed.

Cause: English territorial expansion and encroachment on indigenous lands

Effect: Conflicts such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) and the Beaver Wars.

Cause: Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Effect: Planters shifted away from used-to-be indentured servants toward African slavery to ensure a more controllable labor force.

Cause: The Great Awakening and Enlightenment

Effect: Created common cultural identities and an emphasis on individual rights, leading to increased suspicion of British authority.

Cause: Overt resistance like the Stono Rebellion

Effect

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Description: An uprising of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization and forced conversion in present-day New Mexico. Outcome: The Spanish were temporarily driven out; upon their return, they reasserted control but with a greater degree of religious and cultural tolerance towards the indigenous population.

Beaver Wars

Description: A series of conflicts in the mid-17th century between indigenous nations, primarily the Iroquois, over territorial expansion and control of the fur trade. Outcome: These wars significantly altered indigenous power dynamics and intensified competition between European colonial powers for trade alliances.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Description: A major conflict between an alliance of indigenous groups, led by the Wampanoag leader Metacom, and New England colonists and their indigenous allies. Outcome: Resulted in the destruction of twelve colonial towns and the near-complete collapse of indigenous resistance in New England due to severe population losses.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Description: An armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley in Virginia, involving a coalition of former indentured servants and marginalized farmers. Outcome: The rebellion prompted the colonial elite to shift away from indentured servitude and significantly increase their reliance on African slavery as a more controllable labor force.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Description: A major slave uprising in South Carolina where enslaved people attempted to flee to Spanish Florida. Outcome: The rebellion failed and led to the passage of stricter slave codes that severely restricted the movement and assembly of enslaved populations.

The Great Awakening

Description: A religious revival movement characterized by intense, emotional preaching that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Outcome: Created new denominations, fostered a sense of shared American identity, and challenged traditional religious and social hierarchies.

The Enlightenment

Description: An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights that reached the colonies from Europe. Outcome: Influenced colonial political philosophy, emphasizing natural rights and social contracts, which eventually led to increased suspicion of British imperial authority.

Encomienda System

A Spanish system that subjugated indigenous populations as mandatory labor forces for mining and agriculture.

Hacienda System

An agricultural system where indigenous laborers were tied to the land owned by Spanish planters via a debt repayment system.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A successful resistance by the Pueblo people against Spanish domination, resulting in the temporary expulsion of Spaniards from New Mexico.

Casta System

A social hierarchy in Spanish colonies based on racial lineage, with pure-blooded Spaniards at the top and indigenous or enslaved peoples at the bottom.

Mayflower Compact

An early democratic agreement established by the Pilgrims to govern their colony based on the consent of the governed.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly of elected representatives in the British North American colonies.

William Penn

The Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who established the colony as a model of religious tolerance and representation.

Triangular Trade

An economic network where rum from New England was traded for enslaved Africans, who were then traded in the West Indies for sugar to be sent back to New England.

Mercantilism

An economic system designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of the mother country, using colonies as a source of raw materials and a market for goods.

Navigation Acts

British laws that enforced mercantilist policies by restricting colonial trade to British ships and ports, which eventually caused significant resentment.

Salutary Neglect

The period of lax enforcement of British trade regulations, which allowed the colonies a high degree of autonomy and self-governance.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

A conflict involving former indentured servants against the colonial government that led to a shift toward the permanent enslavement of Africans.

Metacom's War

Also known as King Philip's War, it was a bloody conflict between an alliance of indigenous groups and British colonists in New England.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized personal devotion and created a shared identity among the diverse colonial population.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, rationalism, and individual rights, which influenced American political philosophy and suspicion of authority.

Anglicization

The process by which the American colonies began to adopt and mirror British customs, social structures, and legal systems.

Stono Rebellion

A prominent slave uprising that incited fear among white planters and led to the tightening of slave codes.

William Penn

A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a model of religious tolerance and established a balance between individual rights and representative governance.

Metacom (King Philip)

The leader of an alliance of indigenous groups who led a major war against British colonists, resulting in destroyed towns and catastrophic losses for Native American populations.

Nathaniel Bacon

The leader associated with the (1676) rebellion of former indentured servants against the colonial government, which accelerated the shift toward a labor system based on enslaved Africans.

Mayflower Compact

A foundational document of the New England colonies (specifically Plymouth) that established a democratic framework for governance through town meetings.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America, established in the Chesapeake region to allow for colonial representation.

Navigation Acts

A series of British laws designed to enforce the economic system of mercantilism by restricting colonial trade to British interests, which eventually led to colonial resentment and smuggling.

Slave Codes

Legal statutes enacted in the Southern colonies and British West Indies to define the status of enslaved people and maintain