EM1 - Intro to Mining Engineering [Midterm Reviewer]

1950s

Copper started to be explored in the early...

Golden Age of Philippine Big Mining

The period of 1960- 1980 was the

RA 7076

Peoples' Small Scale Mining Act of 1991

RA 7160

Local Government Code of 1991

RA 8371

Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997

RA 6969

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

PD 1586

Environmental Impact Statement System

RA 9275

Clean Water Act of 2004

RA 8749

Clean Air Act of 1999

R.A. 7942

Philippine Mining Act of 1995

30M Hectares

Philippines' total land area

Nickel

This is the most economically important mineral in the country

Benguet Corp.

The first and oldest mining company in the Philippines

Mine

An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals

Mining

The activity, occupation, and industry concerned with the

extraction of minerals.

Mining Engineering

The practice of applying engineering principles.

Mineral

A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.

Rock

Any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of

mineral particles.

Ore

A mineral deposit that has sufficient utility and value to be mined at a profit.

Gangue

The valueless mineral particles within an ore deposit that must be discarded

Waste

The material associated with an ore deposit that must be mined to get at the ore and must then be discarded.

Metallic Ores

ferrous metals, base metals, precious metals, and radioactive minerals.

Nonmetallic Minerals

also known as industrial minerals

Nonmetallic Minerals

the nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the production of metals

Fossil Fuels

also known as mineral fuels

Fossil Fuels

the organic mineral substances that can be utilized as fuels, such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, coalbed methane, gilsonite, and tar sands.

Deposit

amount of mineral or ore that makes exploration worthwhile

Ore Reserve

the part of the mineral resource that can be economically profitable to mine

Reserve estimation

the estimation or examination of the ore body

Raw gold

the regular trade medium

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Philippine Bill of 1902

This is the second Philippine Mining Law

1940s

Rehabilitation of gold mines was done during...

Stages of Mining

Prospecting, Exploration, Development, Exploitation, Reclamation

Prospecting

Searching for ore

Prospecting Methods

Direct

Indirect

Geophysics

a method that detects anomalies caused by the presence of mineral deposits, through the analysis of gravitational seismic, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic and radiometric measurements.

Geochemistry

the micro quantitative analysis soil and water sample

Geobotany

study of vegetational and plant growth patterns, also are being employed as prospecting tools

Exploration

Defining extent and value of ore (examination/evaluation)

Exploration

It determines as accurately as possible the size and value of a mineral deposit, utilizing techniques similar to but more refined than those used in prospecting. This generally shifts to surface and subsurface locations, using a variety of measurements to obtain a more positive picture of the extent and grade of the ore body.

Feasibility Study

This is done to know whether development on the ore body shall follow, delay, denied or further study.

Development

The work of opening a mineral deposit for exploitation is performed.

Exploitation

Associated with the actual recovery of minerals from the earth in quantity.

- surface

- underground

2 main mining methods

Surface Mining

the soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit is removed

Underground Mining

used to access ores and valuable minerals in the ground by digging into the ground to extract them.

Reclamation

The process of closing a mine and recountouring, revegetationg, and restoring the water and land values.

DENR

This government sector regulates and administers the mining industry

Adit

1 opening or passage into a mine

Tunnel

an underground passage with two or more opening

Production Cycle

Drilling + Blasting + Loading + Hauling

Auger dril bit

A type of drill that utilizes a helical drill that digs through the material and acts as a conveyor to remove the material.

Percussion Drilling

a drilling method which involves lifting and dropping heavy tools to break rock, and uses steel casing tubes to stop the borehole from collapsing.

rotary drilling

the use of a continuous circular motion of the drill bit to make a hole.

Diamond drill bits

a form of core drilling which uses a rotary drill with a diamond drill bit attached in order to create precisely measured holes.

Dynamite

This is the most powerful explosive

LOADING

placing fragmented/blasted rocks on hauling/transport vehicles

HAULING

transporting broken ore/materials from minesite to stockpiles or to mill

Types of Ore Deposits

Massive

Vein Types

Swells, Pinches, Lenses

Laterite Deposit

Placer deposit

Massive

this type of ore deposit is voluminous/high tonnage

Placer Deposits

result of transportation and deposition of ore minerals from orebodies.

Auger Mining

a low-cost method of recovering coal from horizontal seams by drilling into the side of a wall

Hydraulicking

a type of aqueous mining, which has been used extensively for placer deposits; involves using high pressure fluids to erode banks and loose material

Dredging

Type of surface mining in which chain buckets and draglines scrape up sand, gravel, and other surface deposits covered with water. It is also used to remove sediment from streams and harbors to maintain shipping channels.

Room and Pillar Mining

Common method of subsurface mining in which tunnels are dug underground

Sublevel Stoping

Is a vertical mining method in which a large open stope is created within the vein wherein the open stope is not meant for occupation of miners, and drilling and blasting must be performed from sublevels within the ore block.

Shrinkage Stoping

mining from the upwards in horizontal slices, broken ore left in place

Cut and Fill Stoping

most common supported method and is used primarily in steeply dipping metal deposits. It is practiced both in the overhand (upward) and in the underhand (downward) directions. As each horizontal slice is taken, the voids are filled with a variety of fill types to support the walls. This method is used popularly on vein deposits.

stull stoping

a supported mining method using timber or rock bolts in tabular, pitchin ore bodies. Can be applied to to ore bodies that have dips between 10 degrees and 45 degrees and often utilizes artificial pillars of waste to support the roof.

Square-Set Stoping

involves backfilling mine voids, however, it relies mainly on timber sets to support the walls during mining. Used in High-Grade ores where labor cost is low.

longwall mining

A form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice

Block caving

Underground mining that involves building a concrete-lined tunnel under an ore deposit, then collecting the ore through openings in the liner.