SPED 5700-950 Flashcards (Neal)-3

Adaptive behaviors

Skills necessary for daily living, such as communication and socialization.

Autism

A developmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Behaviorally disordered

Exhibiting chronic patterns of behavior that negatively impact learning or relationships.

Developmental norms

Typical age-based milestones of growth and development.

Developmental risk

Factors that increase the likelihood of developmental delays or disorders.

Deviance

Behavior that significantly differs from societal or developmental expectations.

Disproportionality

Overrepresentation or underrepresentation of specific groups in special education.

Ecological perspective

Viewing behavior within the context of environmental and social influences.

Emotional or behavioral disorders

Conditions impacting emotional regulation and behavior that interfere with learning.

Emotionally disturbed

A term for individuals with significant emotional challenges affecting functioning.

Externalizing behaviors

Outwardly directed behaviors such as aggression or defiance.

Extinction

The reduction of a behavior by withholding reinforcement.

False negative

Failing to identify an issue that is actually present.

False positive

Identifying an issue that is not actually present.

Full inclusion movement

Advocacy for placing all students with disabilities in general education classrooms.

Hyperactivity

Excessive physical movement or inability to stay still.

Incidence

The rate of new cases of a condition within a specific time frame.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A federal law ensuring services for students with disabilities.

Internalizing behaviors

Inwardly directed behaviors such as anxiety or depression.

Learning disabilities

Neurological disorders affecting the ability to read, write, or process information.

Maladjustment

Inability to adapt to social or environmental demands.

Mild intellectual disability

Below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive skills.

Modeling

Demonstrating behavior for others to imitate.

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a condition within a population at a given time.

Projective tests

Psychological assessments using ambiguous stimuli to uncover thoughts or emotions.

Punishment

Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.

Reliability

Consistency of measurement or assessment results.

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and impaired functioning.

Social construct

A concept or perception created and accepted by society.

Social maladjustment

Persistent difficulties in conforming to social norms and expectations.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Antecedent events

Events or triggers that occur before a behavior.

Antisocial behavior

Actions that harm others or violate social norms.

Autism spectrum disorder

A range of neurodevelopmental conditions affecting communication, behavior, and social skills.

Behavior intervention plan (BIP)

A strategy designed to address problematic behaviors through specific interventions.

Behavior modification

The use of reinforcement or punishment to change behavior.

Community-based services

Support services provided in local community settings.

Consequences

Events that follow a behavior and influence its recurrence.

Continuum of alternative placements

A range of educational settings to meet diverse student needs.

Delinquency

Illegal or disruptive behavior, typically by a young person.

Early identification

Detecting developmental or learning issues as soon as possible.

Environmental variables

External factors that influence behavior or development.

Eugenics

A controversial practice aimed at improving genetic quality.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more medical or psychological conditions in the same person at the same time.

Genetic mutations

Permanent changes in DNA sequences that can affect traits or cause diseases.

Human Genome Project

A scientific initiative that mapped and sequenced all human genes.

Hypoglycemia

A condition where blood sugar levels drop too low, causing symptoms like shakiness and confusion.

Hypoxia

A state in which there is insufficient oxygen in the body or a specific organ.

Intrinsic factors

Internal elements, such as genetic or biological components, that influence bodily functions.

Malnutrition

A condition resulting from insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A mental health condition marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Pharmacological treatment

The use of medications to manage or treat medical conditions.

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder affecting thoughts, emotions, and behavior, often involving delusions or hallucinations.

Schizophrenic spectrum behavior

A range of symptoms and behaviors related to schizophrenia, varying in severity.

Sequelae

Long-term effects or conditions resulting from a previous disease or injury.

Social learning

The process of acquiring behaviors and knowledge by observing others.

Temperament

An individual's natural disposition or personality traits.

Tourette's disorder

A neurological condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocal tics.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Damage to the brain caused by an external force, leading to temporary or permanent impairment.

Corporal punishment

The use of physical force to discipline or correct behavior.

Cultural bias

A tendency to judge or interpret things based on one’s own cultural norms.

Culture

The shared beliefs, customs, and behaviors of a group of people.

Ethnicity

A social group defined by shared cultural traits, language, or ancestry.

Prosocial behavior

Actions intended to help or benefit others.

Race

A classification of people based on physical traits such as skin color.

Social class

A group of people with similar economic status, education, or occupation.

Social cognitive model

A theory that explains learning through observation, imitation, and mental processes.

Social competence

The ability to interact effectively and appropriately with others.

Social status

A person’s rank or position within a society.

Authoritarian

A strict parenting or leadership style that demands obedience with little warmth or flexibility.

Authoritative

A balanced leadership or parenting style that combines high expectations with warmth and responsiveness.

Child abuse

Any physical, emotional, sexual, or neglectful harm inflicted on a child.

Coercion

The use of force or threats to make someone do something against their will.

Conduct disorder

A behavioral disorder in children and adolescents marked by persistent rule-breaking, aggression, and disregard for others.

Demandingness

The degree to which parents or authority figures set high expectations and enforce rules.

Heightened risk

An increased likelihood of experiencing negative outcomes due to specific factors.

Interactional-transactional model

A theory that behavior results from ongoing interactions between individuals and their environments.

Modeling

Learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.

Negative reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs.

Negative reinforcement trap

A cycle where undesirable behavior is reinforced by removing an aversive stimulus, leading to its continuation.

Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Resilience

The ability to recover and adapt well to adversity or stress.

Responsiveness

The degree to which a person reacts to and meets the needs of others, especially in parenting or teaching.

Risk factor

A characteristic or condition that increases the chance of negative outcomes.

Social learning

Acquiring behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement in social contexts.

Substitute care

Temporary or permanent care provided to a child outside their biological home, such as foster care.

Contingencies of reinforcement

The specific conditions under which behaviors are reinforced.

Direct instruction

A structured, teacher-led approach to learning with clear, explicit guidance.

General intelligence

The overall ability to think, learn, and solve problems across different domains.

Intrinsic motivation

Engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than external rewards.

Malcontingency

A mismatch between behavior and its expected consequences, leading to ineffective reinforcement.

Multiple intelligences

The theory that intelligence is composed of different domains, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial abilities.

Positive reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus after it occurs.

Pragmatics

The social and contextual aspects of language use.

Social skills

The abilities used to communicate and interact effectively with others.

Classwide peer tutoring

A cooperative learning strategy where students tutor each other under teacher guidance.

Cognitive strategy training

Teaching students to use thinking techniques to improve learning and problem-solving.