soc exam final

ethnomethodology

a technique for discovering and illuminating the processes through which we assign meaning to phenomena

Garfinkel -

recognized the need to develop a technique by which to illuminate the “meaning-assignment” process

ethnomethodology demonstrates how a person’s / group’s _

pre-existing background expectations influence their interpretations of phenomena in term's of meaning and action

deviance

any violation of norms

Durkheim believes deviance is

a cultural universal, and must be functional in society

social strain

tension between desiring and attaining material success

anomie

when normlessness and rule-breaking become common

conformist

norm of means and goals

innovator

lack of means, high goals. commit crimes for money

ritualist

high means for work, lack of goals. poverty and consistent work

retreatist

lack of goals, lack of means

rebel

workers, but are against the system and corporations

nothing is inherently or intrinsicly

deviant

for a phenomenon to be seen as deviant,

it must be socially defined as such

deviance cannot occur _

external to social context

demography

the study of population size, composition, and distribution

three major concerns of demography

birth, death, movement of persons

current global population

just over 7 billion

USA population

337 million

over 179,000 more people _

are born on earth than die every day

for every island of order we call a “life,” _

a tremendous sea of disorder is required

fertility

actual level of childbearing for an individual, household, or population

replacement rate (definition)

the fertility rate required to sustain static population

what is the replacement rate?

2.0

CBR (crude birth rate)

number of live births / 1000 people in a population in a given year

fecundity

the ability to bear children

ASBR (age specific birth rate)

number of live births / 1000 women in a certain age group, in a population in a given year

sex ratio

number of males / 100 females in a population in a given year

mortality

the incidence of death in a population

CDR (crude death rate)

number of deaths / 1000 people in population in a given year

IMR (infant mortality rate)

number of deaths of infants / 1000 live births in a given year

what is IMR most useful for?

accurate picture of a country’s health care and nutrition delivery system

USA has the highest _ among all first world nations

infant mortality rate

in the USA, infant mortality rate is inversely related to _

social class

USA is the only first world nation without

an all-inclusive heath care insurance system

the primary cause of global population growth is _

a decline in mortality world-wide

migration

movement into or out of a given area in order to change residence

net number of migrants

the total number of immigrants minus the total number of emigrants

crude net migration rate

net number of migrants / 1000 people in a population in a given year

legal immigration is the number one contributing factor to _

the increase in the US population

race

socially constructed categories based on shared external physical traits

race is an institutional _

ranking that is “functional” for society

ethnicity

cultural identification, hierarchal ranking

people within an ethnicity are bound through _

shared beliefs and ritual practices

the thomas theorem

a situation defined as real is real in its consequences

racism

an ideology rooted in colonialism

dominant group vs minority group

social power

minority group

subordinate group

stereotypes

faulty generalizations about certain categories of people based on incomplete information

social stratification

hierarchy in society

vertical social mobility

the ability to move in the social class system

horizontal social mobility

switching jobs/occupations/locations but staying in the same social class

open stratification system

vertical social mobility is possible

closed stratification systems

slavery, caste systems, etc

intragenerational social mobility

social mobility throughout life

intergenerational social mobility

social stratification changes from generation to generation

social class system

social stratification system based on income, property, and type of work people do

is the social class system an open or closed stratification system?

open

social class

large groups of people who share economic interests

bourgeoise

control the economic system, capitalist

proletariat

working class people, exploited by capitalists

capitalists maintain control of _

the ideological superstructure

karl marx’s idea of social class

bourgeoise and proletariat

economic infrastructure

the physical assets and services that are essential to society

ideological superstructure

deliver information and teach us our world view (news, tv, internet, etc)

max weber’s idea of social class

wealth, prestige, and power

wealth

value of all assets combined with income/salary

prestige

respect or regard afforded by peers and the community

power

ability to carry out goals despite opposition from others

what is SES?

social economic status

SES (social economic status)

a composite measure of education, occupation, and income. class status

_ are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors and become ill

the poor

what is the ACA?

affordable care act, Obama’s health insurance for poor people

functionalists see _ as an elevator for upward vertical mobility

education

who are the most common victims of poverty?

children

Louisiana is second behind _ for food poverty

Mississippi

food insecurity

being unsure of access to meals

feminization of poverty

2/3 of adults in poverty are women

poverty is often temporary unless _

one is born into a cycle of deprivation

what are the causes of feminization of poverty?

single motherhood, marriage bank credit, and downward vertical social mobility after children

upper- upper class

old money, trillionaires, run banks, invest in major companies, lesser known, ivy league schools, 1%

upper class

“richest people on earth”, built themselves up to being rich, “new money”, ivy league schools, 1%

upper-middle class

“American dream” families, both parents have dregrees, research institutions, entrepreneurs, 15%

middle class

not as well educated, one or both parents are high school graduates, community college

deindustrialization

exportation of foreign labor markets (“made in china”)

what contributes to middle class slide?

deindustrialization, low wages, job deskilling, wage stagnation

job deskilling

diminished reward and work ethic of proficiency (technology in the workplace rather than people)

wage stagnation

wage remains the same during inflation

self is _

a social product

agents of socialization

family, peers, school, media, religion

social structure

stable pattern of interactions

status

a socially defined component with expectations and privileges

master status

the status that overrules all to define one and interpret roles

roles

expectations and behaviors linked to a status

role sets

all of the roles linked to one status

role strain

when two roles linked to a single status become incompatible (needing to study for multiple classes as a student)

role conflict

when two roles linked to different statuses become incompatible (needing to study but scheduled for work)

how much has the population changed in the last 7 years?

increased 11 million

Malthusian perspective

population growth, if left unchecked, will doom us all

Malthus argued population will exceed _

food supply