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ethnomethodology
a technique for discovering and illuminating the processes through which we assign meaning to phenomena
Garfinkel -
recognized the need to develop a technique by which to illuminate the “meaning-assignment” process
ethnomethodology demonstrates how a person’s / group’s _
pre-existing background expectations influence their interpretations of phenomena in term's of meaning and action
deviance
any violation of norms
Durkheim believes deviance is
a cultural universal, and must be functional in society
social strain
tension between desiring and attaining material success
anomie
when normlessness and rule-breaking become common
conformist
norm of means and goals
innovator
lack of means, high goals. commit crimes for money
ritualist
high means for work, lack of goals. poverty and consistent work
retreatist
lack of goals, lack of means
rebel
workers, but are against the system and corporations
nothing is inherently or intrinsicly
deviant
for a phenomenon to be seen as deviant,
it must be socially defined as such
deviance cannot occur _
external to social context
demography
the study of population size, composition, and distribution
three major concerns of demography
birth, death, movement of persons
current global population
just over 7 billion
USA population
337 million
over 179,000 more people _
are born on earth than die every day
for every island of order we call a “life,” _
a tremendous sea of disorder is required
fertility
actual level of childbearing for an individual, household, or population
replacement rate (definition)
the fertility rate required to sustain static population
what is the replacement rate?
2.0
CBR (crude birth rate)
number of live births / 1000 people in a population in a given year
fecundity
the ability to bear children
ASBR (age specific birth rate)
number of live births / 1000 women in a certain age group, in a population in a given year
sex ratio
number of males / 100 females in a population in a given year
mortality
the incidence of death in a population
CDR (crude death rate)
number of deaths / 1000 people in population in a given year
IMR (infant mortality rate)
number of deaths of infants / 1000 live births in a given year
what is IMR most useful for?
accurate picture of a country’s health care and nutrition delivery system
USA has the highest _ among all first world nations
infant mortality rate
in the USA, infant mortality rate is inversely related to _
social class
USA is the only first world nation without
an all-inclusive heath care insurance system
the primary cause of global population growth is _
a decline in mortality world-wide
migration
movement into or out of a given area in order to change residence
net number of migrants
the total number of immigrants minus the total number of emigrants
crude net migration rate
net number of migrants / 1000 people in a population in a given year
legal immigration is the number one contributing factor to _
the increase in the US population
race
socially constructed categories based on shared external physical traits
race is an institutional _
ranking that is “functional” for society
ethnicity
cultural identification, hierarchal ranking
people within an ethnicity are bound through _
shared beliefs and ritual practices
the thomas theorem
a situation defined as real is real in its consequences
racism
an ideology rooted in colonialism
dominant group vs minority group
social power
minority group
subordinate group
stereotypes
faulty generalizations about certain categories of people based on incomplete information
social stratification
hierarchy in society
vertical social mobility
the ability to move in the social class system
horizontal social mobility
switching jobs/occupations/locations but staying in the same social class
open stratification system
vertical social mobility is possible
closed stratification systems
slavery, caste systems, etc
intragenerational social mobility
social mobility throughout life
intergenerational social mobility
social stratification changes from generation to generation
social class system
social stratification system based on income, property, and type of work people do
is the social class system an open or closed stratification system?
open
social class
large groups of people who share economic interests
bourgeoise
control the economic system, capitalist
proletariat
working class people, exploited by capitalists
capitalists maintain control of _
the ideological superstructure
karl marx’s idea of social class
bourgeoise and proletariat
economic infrastructure
the physical assets and services that are essential to society
ideological superstructure
deliver information and teach us our world view (news, tv, internet, etc)
max weber’s idea of social class
wealth, prestige, and power
wealth
value of all assets combined with income/salary
prestige
respect or regard afforded by peers and the community
power
ability to carry out goals despite opposition from others
what is SES?
social economic status
SES (social economic status)
a composite measure of education, occupation, and income. class status
_ are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors and become ill
the poor
what is the ACA?
affordable care act, Obama’s health insurance for poor people
functionalists see _ as an elevator for upward vertical mobility
education
who are the most common victims of poverty?
children
Louisiana is second behind _ for food poverty
Mississippi
food insecurity
being unsure of access to meals
feminization of poverty
2/3 of adults in poverty are women
poverty is often temporary unless _
one is born into a cycle of deprivation
what are the causes of feminization of poverty?
single motherhood, marriage bank credit, and downward vertical social mobility after children
upper- upper class
old money, trillionaires, run banks, invest in major companies, lesser known, ivy league schools, 1%
upper class
“richest people on earth”, built themselves up to being rich, “new money”, ivy league schools, 1%
upper-middle class
“American dream” families, both parents have dregrees, research institutions, entrepreneurs, 15%
middle class
not as well educated, one or both parents are high school graduates, community college
deindustrialization
exportation of foreign labor markets (“made in china”)
what contributes to middle class slide?
deindustrialization, low wages, job deskilling, wage stagnation
job deskilling
diminished reward and work ethic of proficiency (technology in the workplace rather than people)
wage stagnation
wage remains the same during inflation
self is _
a social product
agents of socialization
family, peers, school, media, religion
social structure
stable pattern of interactions
status
a socially defined component with expectations and privileges
master status
the status that overrules all to define one and interpret roles
roles
expectations and behaviors linked to a status
role sets
all of the roles linked to one status
role strain
when two roles linked to a single status become incompatible (needing to study for multiple classes as a student)
role conflict
when two roles linked to different statuses become incompatible (needing to study but scheduled for work)
how much has the population changed in the last 7 years?
increased 11 million
Malthusian perspective
population growth, if left unchecked, will doom us all
Malthus argued population will exceed _
food supply
Note 
Flashcard (25)