Topographic Landmarks of the Abdomen and Pelvis for Radiographic Positioning (shana)

What are the seven palpable landmarks of the abdomen used for positioning and locating organs?

1. Xiphoid process 2. Inferior costal margin 3. Iliac crest 4. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) 5. Greater trochanter 6. Symphysis pubis 7. Ischial tuberosity.

What is the level of the xiphoid process?

T9-T10.

How can the xiphoid process be palpated?

By gently pressing on the soft abdomen below the distal sternum and moving upward against the firm distal margin of the xiphoid process.

Why is the xiphoid process not a primary landmark for positioning the abdomen?

Due to variation in body types and the importance of including all of the lower abdomen in imaging.

What is the level of the inferior costal margin?

L2-L3.

Which upper abdominal organs can be located using the inferior costal margin?

Gallbladder and stomach.

What is the level of the iliac crest?

L4-L5 vertebral interspace.

How is the iliac crest palpated?

By pressing inward and downward along the mid-lateral margin of the abdomen.

What is the significance of the iliac crest in abdominal positioning?

It corresponds approximately to the mid-abdominopelvic region and is commonly used as a landmark.

How far above the iliac crest should the radiographic image be centered to include the upper abdomen?

About 2 inches (5 cm) above the level of the crest.

How can the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) be located?

By locating the iliac crest and palpating anteriorly and inferiorly until a prominent projection is felt.

What is the ASIS commonly used for in medical imaging?

Positioning of pelvic and vertebral structures.

How can the greater trochanter be palpated?

By gently palpating while rotating the leg internally and externally at the knee.

What is the significance of the greater trochanter in abdominal positioning?

It can serve as a secondary landmark for abdominal positioning.

What is the symphysis pubis?

The anterior junction of the two pelvic bones.

When is the symphysis pubis palpated?

When the patient is in a supine position.

What does the symphysis pubis correspond to in abdominal anatomy?

The inferior margin of the abdomen.

What is the ischial tuberosity used for in abdominal positioning?

To determine the lower margin on a PA abdomen with the patient in a prone position.

How far below the symphysis pubis are the ischial tuberosities located?

About 0.4 to 1.5 inches (1 to 4 cm) below or distal.

What discomfort may arise from palpating the symphysis pubis?

It may be embarrassing for some patients.

What should be considered when palpating the ischial tuberosity?

It may be uncomfortable and embarrassing for the patient.

What is the importance of practicing finding abdominal landmarks?

To ensure accurate localization of these landmarks on patients during examinations.