intro to rmn arch

What and when was the orientalizing period

• 700-600BCE

• Period when greek art began incorporating near eastern influences ( egyptian, assyian motifs)

• Emergence of mythological imagery and narrative scene

Archaic period -what and when

• 600-480 BCE

  • Rise of poleis (city-states), development of a monumental temples, kouroi and korai sculpture, and black -figure pottery

Classical period what and when

• 480-323 BCE

• Begains after the persian wars

• Known for artistic balance, ideal proportions, and naturalism in sculpture and architecture

Hellenistic period what and when

• 323-146 BCE

• Begins after the death of Alexander the Great

• Art becomes dramatic, emotional and expressive (pathos)

Collapse of mycenaean palace was when

1200 BCE

• end of mycenaean civilization, start of greek dark age

First olympic games year

776 BCE

Persians sack athens

479 BCE

Destruction of olynthus

348BCE

Death of alexander the great and start of hellenistic period

323 BCE

Johann Joachim Winchelmann was

• archaeologists and scholars group

• Founder of art history, promoted the idea that greek art represents “noble simplicity and quiet grandeur”

Heinrich schliemann was

• archaeologists and scholars group

• Excavated troy anad mycenae

• Discovered grave circle A and the mask of Agamemnon

Arthur evans was

• Part of archaeologists and scholars group

• Excavated knossos and discovered minoan civilization

Carl blegen was

• Part of archaeologists and scholars group

• Excavated pylos, discovering the palace of nestor

John d beazley

• Part of archaeologists and scholars group

• Scholar who identified individal painters of greek pottery by stylistic analysis

Minos was

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Legendary king of crete associated with minoan civilization

Homer

• author of the lliad and odyssey

• Major source for understanding greek myths and mycenaean culture

• part of mythological and historical figures

Peisistratos

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Rouler of athens who promoted arts and festivals like the panathenaia

Perikles

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Led athens during the golden age and sponsored the acroplos building program

Mnesikles

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Architect of the propylaia on the acropolis

Pheidias

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Supervised the parthenon sculptures and created the statue of zeus at olympia

Skpopas

Known for emotiona, dramatic sculpture (early pathos)

• part of mythological and historical figures

Praxiteles

Famous for graceful sculptures and contrapposto figures

• part of mythological and historical figures

Lysippos

Court sculptor of alexander the great; introduced new proportions

• part of mythological and historical figures

Mausolos

• part of mythological and historical figures

• Buried in the mausoleum at halicarnassus

Philip II was

Father of alexander the great; buried at vergina

• part of mythological and historical figures

Alexander the great created

Bast empire spreading greek culture across the mediterranean

• part of mythological and historical figures

Attalos I

Ruler of pergamon who commissioned victory monuments

• part of mythological and historical figures

Place knossos

Largest minoan palace

Place crete

Center of minoan civilization

Place Mycenae

Major mycenaean center with lion gate and shaft graves

Place Pylos

Palace of nestor

Place samos

Important archaic sanctuary

Lefkandi

Heroon burial building

Place ionia

Greek colonies on the cost of asia minor

Magna graecia

Athens

Major political and cultural center

Corinth place

Known for pottery and trade

Olympia (place)

Site of olympic games

Delphi (place)

Home of the oracle

Olynthus (place)

Well-preserved houses and mosaics

Vergina (place)

Halicarnassus (place)

Pergamon (place)

Early greek civilillizations are?

Minoan

Bronze Age civilization centered on Crete (2000–1450 BCE).

Mycenaean

Warrior civilization of mainland Greece (1600–1200 BCE).

Modern definition of classical

• refers to greek and roman culture seen as models of artistic excellence

Minoan- civilization and year

• bronze age civilization centered on crete (2000-1450 BCE)

• Early greek civilizations

Mycenaean- civilization and year

Warrior civilization of mainland greece (1600-1200 BCE)

Early greek civilizations

Thalassocracy

• a sea bassed empire (pften used for minoan power)

Palace is a

Administrative center for economy and religion

Megatron is a

Main hall in mycenaean palaces with central hearth

Absolute dating vs relative dating

• AD: gives a specific date (radiocarbon)

• RD: determines which object is older

Pithos is a

Large storage jar

Shaft grave is a

Deep burial shaft (myacenae)

Grave circe A is

Rotal burial area at mycenae

Mask of agamemnon is a

Gold funerary mask from grave circle A

Tholos tomb is a

Beehive shaped tomb

Heroon of lefkandi

Large burial building from greek dark age

Proto geometric pottery is

Simple geometric design

Geometric pottery is

Complex geometric patterns and funerary scenes

Cremation

Burning the body

Inhumation

Burying the body intact

Conspicuous consumption

Displaying wealth publicly

Prothesis

Laying out the body before burial

Nestors cup

Inscribed cup referencing homer

Hekatompedion

Early temple on the acropolis

Doric

Simple column, no base

Ionic

Volute scroll capitals

Corinthian

Ornate acanthus leaf capitals

Temple at Thermon

– early Doric temple

Proto-Corinthian pottery

– early narrative decoration.

Black-figure pottery –

figures painted in black.

Red-figure pottery

– figures left red, background black.

Three-step firing

– process that creates black/red pottery colors.

Krater

– mixing bowl for wine.

Kylix –

drinking cup.

Amphora

– storage jar.

Symposion

– elite drinking party.

Kouroi

– male statues.

Korai

– female statues.

Caryatid

– sculpted female Column

Severe style

– early Classical sculpture style.

Sophrosyne

– ideal of moderation and self-control.

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

– major Classical temple.

Bluebeard Pediment

early sculpture from Acropolis.

Titanomachy / Gigantomachy

– myths of gods vs giants/titans.

Oath of Plataea –

vow to leave Persian-destroyed temples ruined.

örpfeld foundations

– remains of earlier Acropolis temples.

Pre-Parthenon

– temple destroyed by Persians.

Panathenaic procession

– religious festival procession in Athens.

Theatre parts

– orchestra, skene, cavea.

Andron

– male dining room for symposia.

Pebble mosaic

– decorative floor designs.

Funerary stelai

– grave markers.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

– monumental tomb of Mausolos.

Royal tombs at Vergina

– burial site of Macedonian kings.

Temple of Apollo at Didyma

– large Ionic temple.

Pergamon Altar

– monumental Hellenistic altar with Gigantomachy relief.

Pathos

– intense emotional expression in art.

Laocoön

– famous Hellenistic sculpture of Trojan priest attacked by snakes.

Essay prep-

1. Studying a Society with No Written Sources

Archaeologists study societies without written sources by analyzing material culture, architecture, and burial practices. For example, the palace at Knossos reveals information about Minoan political organization and religion through its layout, frescoes, and storage areas. The shaft graves at Mycenae provide evidence of social hierarchy through rich grave goods such as gold masks and weapons. Another example is the Heroon at Lefkandi, which shows elite burial practices during the Greek Dark Age. By studying architecture, artifacts, and burial customs, archaeologists reconstruct social structure, religious beliefs, and economic systems even without written records.