CH1+2 BIO150 textbook

Emergent properties

different proterties that are seen as complexity increases

Prokaryotic cells

single celled, bacteria and archaean, no nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

have nucleus

DNA flow of information (big to small)

Genes>DNA>Chromosomes

What are the two strands of DNA and how do they link

CG, AT

Protein encoding genes control protein production by using

mRNA

Gene expression

sequence of nucleotides are transcribed into mRNA then translated into amino acids, which form a the protein

Genome and Genomics

entirety of genetic instructions that an organism inherits, studying a whole set of genes at a time

Proteome and Proteomics

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cells, study of sets of proteins and their properties,\

Energy flows thru an ecosysten in

one direction

essential elements

needed for a heathly life and vary across organismstr

trace elements

required by organisms in minute quantites

atom

smallest unit of matter that reatins the properties of an element

isotopes

atoms with more neutrons thatn other atoms, have greater mass

decay

nuclei that have a tendency to lose subatomic particlesra

radioactive isotopes

nuclues decays spontaeously, giving off particles and energy and transforms the atom into an atom of a different element

energy

capacity to cause change by doing work

potential energy

energy that matter possess bc of its location or structure

Where do electrons have the most potential energy?

the further away they are from the nucleus

chemical behaviorn of an atom is determined by

distribition of electrons in electron shells, outermost (valence) being the most important

Atoms with similar valence shells

behave similarly

Ionic bonds are weak in

aqueous solutions

Valence bonding capacity usually =

number of electrons required to complete the atom’s valence shell

Electronegativity

attraction of a particular atom for electrons of a covalent bonds

more electronegative means

more strongly the atom pulls shared electrons toward itslef

Ionic compounds are also known as

salts

Chemical reactions cannot _ but only

create or destroy atoms, rearrange the electron samong them

Chemical reaction

making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to change in composition of matter

Rate of reaction depends on

concentration of reactants, greater concentration = greater rate of reaction

Chemical equilibrium

when the foward and reverse reaction rates are equal (reactants and products reverting back and forth) (reactants and products are stabilized in a particular ratio)

Hydrogen bonds are, and reform

very fragile, break, and reform constantly

Hydrogen bonds are the

basis for water’s properties

Hydrogen bonding gives water its

cohesion, surface tenstion (due to asymmetry), and adhesion

adhesion

clinging of one substance to another, counters downward pull of gravityth

thermal energy

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Heat

transfer of thermal energy from one body of matter to another

temperature

avergae kinetic energy of the molecule in a body of matter

how do temperature and thermal energy differ?

thermal enegery focuses on total kinetic energy, temperature focues of average

What allows water to be a versatile solvent

polar molecules

molarity

number of moles of solute per liter of solutions, Mole = 6.02 X 10^23

hydroxide ion

hydrogen that loses a proton, HO-

hydronium ion

hydrogen ion that gains a progon, H3O+

acid

increases hydrogen ion concention, decreases OH+

base

decreases hydrogen ion concentrations, increases OH-

buffer

substance that minimzes changes in concetration of H+ and OH-

how do buffers work?

they accept hydorgen ions from the solution when in excess, and donate them when they are depleted