LetsgooLongQUIZ_Computing (copy)

ICT

Integral technology for daily life and work interactions.

Global Village

Result of communication tech advances creating global connections.

Data

Raw facts needing organization.

Information

Meaningful processed data for decision-making.

ICT Definition

Technologies enabling information access via telecommunications.

Input Devices

Hardware for user-computer communication like keyboard and mouse.

System Unit

Main computer component housing CPU and memory.

Output Devices

Hardware presenting data from the system unit.

Storage Devices

Hardware for data retention like hard disks and USB drives.

Characteristics of Computers

Inanimate, electronic objects for data manipulation and memory.

Computer Capabilities

Functions like speed, repetitiveness, accuracy, decision-making, and communication.

Types of Computers

Analog, digital, and hybrid computers for various data types.

Applications of ICT

Impacts in education, government, healthcare, and job creation.

Supercomputers

Large-scale computing power for complex tasks.

Mainframe Computers

Support large data processing for multiple users.

Minicomputers

Smaller than supercomputers, used in research and monitoring.

Microcomputers

Personal computers for individual users with lower needs.

Embedded Computers

Specialized systems for specific tasks within larger systems.

Sequential Computers

Process instructions one by one, slower than parallel systems.

Parallel Computers

Use multiple processors for simultaneous task execution.

Data Processing Cycle

Steps to transform raw data into usable information.

Data Collection

Gathering raw data from primary or secondary sources.

Input

Entering raw data into the system for processing.

Processing

Mechanical or electronic data manipulation.

Output

Processed data is made available in forms like reports, graphs, or printed documents based on user needs and system capabilities.

Storage

Processed data can be stored temporarily (RAM) or permanently (hard drives, SSDs) for future use.

Source Document

The paper or document where collected data is recorded.

Data capture

Entering collected data into a data processing system.

Encoding

Converting data into a form easier for input into a data processing system.

Decoding

Converting encoded data into a form easier to understand by people.

Data transmission

Sending input data to the processor and across its components.

Data communication

Activities allowing data to be sent between data processing systems.

Turnaround document

Contains results of one processing activity, has more data added, and is used as input for another processing activity.

Hardware

Physical components of a computer including Input Devices, Processing Devices, Storage Devices, and Output Devices.

Software

Programs that instruct hardware operations, divided into System Software and Application Software.

Peopleware

Human aspect of computing including IT professionals like programmers, network administrators, and system analysts.

Dataware

Organized collection of data used in systems for decision-making, including databases and data warehouses.

Chipsets

Manage data flow between processor, memory, and peripherals, with Northbridge handling CPU communication and Southbridge handling slower devices.

Data Bank

Large storage system holding significant information, often computerized.

Data Directory

Index of data in a database used to aid data access.

Data Pen

Device for reading or scanning data from labels, packets, or magnetic strips.

Data Set

Collection of related computer files or records stored as a unit.

Data Structure

Organization, management, and storage of data within a computer system.

Big Data

Massive data sets analyzed for patterns and trends, often related to human behavior.

Data Diddling

Unauthorized altering of data before or during entry, often for deception or fraud.

Digital Archive

Electronic storage collection often used for long-term preservation.

Interactive Database System

Database system allowing real-time user interaction through queries and updates.

Cyber Terrorism

Deliberate use of computers or technology for disruption or damage, often targeting critical infrastructure.

Binary Representation

Data representation using 0s and 1s.

Unicode

Standard for assigning values to characters.

Concatenation

Combining strings or characters end-to-end.

Hexadecimal

Number system with base 16.

Machine Cycle

CPU process of fetching, decoding, executing, storing.

Volatile Memory

Temporary memory lost when computer is turned off.

Fetch Stage

CPU retrieves instruction from main memory.

Decode Stage

CPU understands the fetched instruction.

Execute Stage

CPU performs the operation specified in the instruction.

Store Stage

Result of the operation is saved in memory.

Control Unit

Part of CPU directing data flow and operations.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

CPU component for arithmetic and logical operations.

Batch Processing

Data processed in batches at specific times.

Real-Time Processing

Data processed immediately without delay.

Online Processing

Data processed online as it is entered.

Distributed Processing

Processing tasks divided across multiple computers.

Multi-processing

Using multiple CPUs to execute tasks in parallel.

Time-sharing

Multiple users share CPU time of a single system.

Data Storage During Processing

During the machine cycle, the CPU temporarily stores data and instructions in registers for short-term storage.

Volatile Storage (RAM)

Holds data temporarily while the CPU processes it.

Non-Volatile Storage (Hard Drives/SSDs)

Stores data long-term, including saved files and programs, even when the computer is powered off.

Primary Memory (Volatile Memory)

Memory directly accessible by the CPU that loses data when the power is turned off.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Temporary memory that stores data and instructions the CPU is currently working on.

EDO RAM (Extended Data Out RAM)

Type of RAM developed in the mid-1990s to increase data transfer speed.

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

RAM that synchronizes itself with the computer's system clock.

DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

Enhances data transfer rates by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal.

DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM)

Doubles the speed of SDRAM by allowing data transfers on both the rising and falling edges of the clock cycle.

DDR2 RAM

The second generation of DDR, introduced in 2003, operates at higher speeds and with lower power consumption than DDR.

DDR3 RAM

The third generation of DDR, released in 2007, offering higher speeds and lower power consumption than DDR2.

DDR4 RAM

Introduced in 2014, offering the highest speeds and storage capacities compared to previous DDR versions.

Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory)

Non-volatile memory used for long-term storage of data, programs, and files.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Non-volatile memory containing essential system instructions and data written during manufacturing.

PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)

Type of ROM that can be written to once after manufacturing.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed by exposing it to ultraviolet (UV) light.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

ROM that can be reprogrammed using electrical signals.

SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module)

Type of memory module with multiple memory chips on a single circuit board.

DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module)

Modern memory module with a 64-bit data path.

SDRAM DIMM

Type of DIMM supporting synchronous operations.

SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module)

Smaller version of the standard DIMM used primarily in laptops and compact devices.

Primary Storage Devices

Temporary, faster, internal storage devices like RAM and cache memory.

Secondary Storage Devices

Permanent, larger storage devices like hard drives and USB devices, can be internal or external.

Magnetic Storage Devices

Store digital data using magnetized media, offering large storage capacity and reusability at low costs.

Optical Storage Devices

Store data as binary code on the surface of discs, evolving over time with options like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray.

Flash Memory Devices

Non-volatile storage with faster speeds and durability, including USB flash drives, SD cards, and SSDs.

Cloud Storage

Enables remote data storage with accessibility from internet-connected devices, large capacities, and disaster recovery options.

Criticality

Refers to how quickly data needs to be accessed if lost.

Speed

Determines the required speed of data accessibility.

Retention

Specifies how long data should be kept.

Security

Relates to the security requirements for the data.

Regulatory Requirements

Consideration of compliance and regulatory guidelines.

Unstructured Data

Includes emails, multimedia, and documents, often neglected compared to structured data.

Data Retention Policy

Policy defining how long data should be retained and which data needs long-term storage.