Key Figures and Events in Canadian History

These flashcards are designed to help review key figures, events, and concepts related to Canadian history.

Who is known as the 'Father of New France' and founded Québec in 1608?

Samuel de Champlain

What did Pierre Du Gua de Monts achieve during his time in Acadia?

He held a fur trade monopoly and established trade networks with Indigenous groups.

Who was the first intendant of New France and what did he do?

Jean Talon boosted population through immigration policies like the filles du roi.

What was Louis XIV's role in the governance of New France?

He centralized governance and promoted the seigneurial system while enforcing mercantilism.

Who was The Peacemaker and what did he achieve?

A Haudenosaunee spiritual leader who united Six Nations under the Great Law of Peace.

What was Jean de Brébeuf known for in New France?

He was a Jesuit missionary who lived among the Wendat and promoted Christianity.

What is Donald Creighton known for in Canadian history?

He depicted John A. Macdonald as the central figure of Confederation.

Who was John A. Macdonald?

The first Canadian prime minister and architect of Confederation.

What key role did George-Étienne Cartier play in Confederation?

He ensured French Canadian protections in the British North America Act.

Who led the Parti Patriote and authored the 92 Resolutions?

Louis-Joseph Papineau

What did Lord Durham recommend in his 1839 Report?

He proposed uniting Upper and Lower Canada and establishing responsible government.

What was the significance of Lord Elgin's tenure as Governor General?

He signed the Rebellion Losses Bill, affirming responsible government.

Who was Robert Baldwin and what did he advocate for?

A Canada West reformer who advocated for responsible government.

What was the role of James Douglas in British Columbia?

He was the Hudson's Bay Company governor who signed treaties with Indigenous groups.

Who was Tecumseh and what was his goal?

A Shawnee leader who sought Indigenous unity against U.S. expansion.

What was the Company of 100 Associates?

A French company that managed New France’s fur trade and aimed to colonize.

What was the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?

A union of Six Nations governed by the Great Law of Peace.

What did the Hudson’s Bay Company control?

It was a British fur trade monopoly that controlled Rupert’s Land.

What was the goal of the Parti Canadien/Patriote?

To push for cultural survival and political rights for French Canadians.

What was created by the Act of Union in 1840?

The Province of Canada, which united Upper and Lower Canada.

What was the significance of the Red River Settlement?

It served as a Métis hub and was central to Métis identity.

What were the 92 Resolutions?

Demands by the Parti Patriote for responsible government and French Canadian rights.

What did the British North America Act accomplish?

It established Canada as a federal dominion in 1867.

What was the Great Peace of Montréal?

A treaty stabilizing fur trade relations between New France and 40 Indigenous nations.

What was the outcome of the Haudenosaunee defeat of the Wendat?

It disrupted French fur trade alliances and shifted trade to the Anishinaabeg.

What was the impact of the Loyalist Influx?

It reshaped British North America and displaced Indigenous groups.

What was the Quebec Conference of 1864?

A meeting that led to the drafting of the Confederation framework.

What triggered the Rebellion of 1837?

The Lower Canada uprising led by Papineau against British control.

What is the significance of the Rebellion Losses Bill?

It compensated for losses from the 1837 rebellion and affirmed responsible government.

What ended the War of 1812?

The Treaty of Ghent, which restored pre-war boundaries.

What was the Treaty of Utrecht's impact on France?

It weakened French colonial power in North America.

How did the War of 1812 affect British North America?

It solidified British North American identity.

Who were the Anishinaabeg?

An Indigenous group in the Great Lakes region.

What role did Britain play in British North America's governance?

They enforced mercantilism and dominated governance post-1763.

When was Canada officially formed?

In 1867 via the British North America Act.

What characterized Canada East before 1840?

It was a French-majority region that resisted British assimilation.

What distinguished Canada West prior to 1840?

It was a British-majority region that pushed for political reforms.

What role did French Canadians play in the 1837 rebellion?

They were instrumental in resisting British rule.

What was the Haudenosaunee governance model?

Consensus-based governance under the Great Law of Peace.

What happened to Indigenous Peoples during colonization?

They were dispossessed of land and autonomy.

Who were the L’nu (Mi’kmaq)?

An Atlantic Indigenous group allied with the French.

What defined the Loyalist identity in Upper Canada?

They were American Revolution refugees.

What was the significance of the Métis?

They emerged from the fur trade and formed communities like the Red River Settlement.

What was Louisbourg's role in colonial trade?

It was a major hub of North Atlantic trade.

What is the concept of Confederation in Canada?

The creation of Canada as a federal dominion in 1867.

What does the federal system refer to?

It is a governing structure that splits power between national and provincial levels.

What were the French-English tensions in Canadian history?

Cultural divides that led to rebellions and reforms.

What impact did the fur trade have on Indigenous relations?

It fostered cooperation but also led to dispossession.

What is the Great Law of Peace?

A model of governance used by the Haudenosaunee.

What does historical thinking involve?

Using evidence, perspective, and ethics to analyze history.

What is Indigenous dispossession?

The loss of land and autonomy through various colonial practices.

What characterized the shift to industrial capitalism in the 19th century?

Urbanization, railways, and growing class divides.

What is mercantilism?

A colonial policy focused on serving European economies.

What is a nation-state?

A political entity linked to sovereignty.

What movements in governance followed the 1837 Rebellion?

Political reform leading to responsible government and Confederation.

What is responsible government?

A system where the government answers to an elected assembly.

What is the seigneurial system?

A land system in New France that caused economic hardship.

What was European-Indigenous interdependence in the fur trade?

A mutual reliance that eroded due to settler expansion.

What methods did Jesuit missionaries use in New France?

Living among Indigenous peoples, learning languages, and gift-giving.

What was the North Atlantic trade's economic focus?

Linking colonies through fish, timber, and furs.

What was the French Dry Fishery's significance?

A key part of the French economy that declined post-Utrecht.

What were the Beaver Wars?

Conflicts in the 17th century driven by fur trade competition.

What did the Two Path Wampum symbolize?

Haudenosaunee diplomatic principles of mutual respect.

Who were the coureurs du bois?

Independent French fur traders in New France.

What were the filles du roi?

Women sent to New France to marry settlers for population growth.

Who were the Black Loyalists?

African-descended Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia post-1780s.