PSYC 101 Scott Leon Final

What is Social Learning Theory?

The theory that we learn by watching others, people such as peers, parents, and media

The smoking ape video would be an example of ____________

Social Learning Theory

The Bobo doll experiment would be an example of

Social Learning Theory

Which of these is NOT needed for Social Learning Theory?

A. Attention/Retention

B. Storage

C. Reproduction

D. Motivation

B. Storage

In the Attention/Retention need, observation must first be:

Attended to, i.e. you must be paying attention

coded organized and represented

Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. This is the definition of__________________

Reproduction

True or False: Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation

True

This type of memory is for all the immediate events that occur, quickly fades, captures the world around us but fades quickly

Sensory

This type of memory grabs pieces of the sensory and store it in the intermediate memory system, and even that fades

Short-Term

This type of memory is taken from short term that stays with you for a long time

Long-Term

Implicit and Explicit are in this type of memory

Long-Term

Implicit is memory that is ____________

Automatic/Behavioral

Explicit is memory that ___________

Requires constant thought

What are the memory systems in order?

Sensory → Short Term → Long Term

How long does it take for a sensory memory to form?

<1 second

How long does it take for a short term memory to form?

several seconds

How ling does it take for a long term memory to form?

varies

What are the key concepts in Memory?

Storage, Retrieval, and Encoding

Processing information into the memory system is known as__________

Encoding

Retention of information in the memory system is known as _______________

Storage

Process of accessing memory is known as __________

Retrieval

The conscious repetition of information to use in short-term memory or encode into long-term memory.

Rehearsal

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

Chunking

One way to encode better in short-term memory is through__________

Chunking

The processing of the meaning of a stimuli versus its more shallow, perceptual qualities.

Deep processing

Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic devices

Professor Leon's example with Will "Fart-o-Lot" is an example of _______________

Mnemonic devices

We recognize the most encoding through this method.

Semantic

What are the properties of Explicit Memory?

memory consciously recalled or declared

Can use to directly respond to a question

What are the two subtypes of Explicit Memory?

Episodic

Semantic

Implicit Memory influences your thoughts and behaviors but does not enter _____________

Consciousness

The ability to drive a car is an example of ___________ memory

Implicit

Your Implicit memory comes from this part of the brain.

Cerebellum

Your explicit memory comes from this part of the brain.

Hippocampus

To encode long-term memory, you must________

Tie it to other information in memory

The tying of other information into memory is known as________

elaborative rehearsal

In oder to move through the different memories you must________

encode

Improved ability to remember if tested in the same environment as the initial learning environment is known as __________

Retrieval: Context-Dependent Memory

If you are high while studying for a test then show up to the test high. This is an example of________

Context-Dependent Memory

Attempt to depict structure of memory as concepts linked by associations

Network Model

Association is strongest when the path between two concepts in the network model are__________

shorter

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Misinformation effect

Attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

Source Amnesia

The 60 minute false rape accuser is an example of _____________

Source Amnesia

"How fast was car going when it smashed . ."

"How fast was car going when it contacted . . "

is an example of______________

Misinformation

Which memory is the most controversial?

Traumatic Memory

___________________ are remembered more than forgotten

Traumatic Events

At what age are people more susceptible to misinformation?

3 years old or younger

Which are ways to NOT improve your memory?

Study over long periods of time (avoid cramming)

Use mnemonic devices

Through Visualization

Make the material personally meaningful

Think actively about the material

Minimize interference

Through Visualization

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Cognition

Most research on thinking in psychology involves ____________

Cognitive Errors

What are cognitive errors?

When humans make mistakes in cognition.

Mental Groupings of similar objects is known as ____________

Concepts

Grouping Instagram,Twitter, and Snapchat to Social Media is an example of_______________

Concepts

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Schemas

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match prototypes

Representativeness heuristic

The COPS example of police chasing after African Americans and minority groups is an example of ____________________________________.

Representativeness heuristic

Tendency to believe you "knew it all along" only after discovering the answer.

Hindsight Bias

After the election, the feeling of, "I knew Trump was going to win" is an example of _______________

Hindsight Bias

Tendency to search for information that confirms one's perceptions.

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to be more confident of answer than is warranted

Overconfidence

Tendency to think of problems only in terms of their usual functions

Functional fixedness

Henna has a problem. She's noticed that a screw in her desk is loose and she needs to tighten it. But she doesn't have a screwdriver. What can she do? If you're like Henna and many other people, you're probably stumped by this. How do you tighten a screw without a screwdriver?

But wait! Henna has something in her pocket that can solve her problem. In fact, you probably have the same thing. All it takes is a coin inserted into the groove in the head of the screw, and Henna can tighten the screw.

This is an example of_______________________

Functional Fixedness

The way an issue is posed effects how we judge it

Framing

If you walk into a wine shop and a $130 bottle of wine is prominently displayed as you walk in, you are more likely to buy a $30 bottle of wine. If a $20 bottle is displayed, you are less likely to buy the $30 bottle.

This is an example of _______

Framing

Risk judgments based on:

Evolution- biological fear of spiders and snakes

Control- fear when flying, we don't have control

Immediacy- Not fearing of dying of cancer after smoking as a teen

Memory- memories of 9/11 are more pressing on our minds than deaths related to J-walking

How is the cognitive error in medical doctors case study an example of framing?

This case was framed by the initial practitioners, and the framing then influenced subsequent providers

The tendency to decide that the patient's current problem is related to the first thing we diagnose rather than more than one issue.

Premature Closure/Anchoring

over-reliance on the opinions of the expert that came before

Overconfidence Bias

the tendency to take a course of action that is easiest or exposes the physician to the least amount of grief.

Hassle Bias

the tendency to take a course of action due to guilt from a missed diagnosis.

Regret Bias

Which are NOT a predictor of success?

Perseverance

Self-awareness

Monetary Acquirement

Emotional stability

Goal setting

Social support

Proactive

IQ (intelligence)

Monetary Acquirement

Refers to how quickly things turn over and connect in our minds.

Processing speed

Similar to Short term memory relating to things that we encode information from the sensory memory

Working memory

Ability to use language creatively to express ideas.

Verbal intelligence

Also know as non-verbal because it measures ability to solve problems and understand novel patterns in the non-language domain. Relates to ability to invent.

Performance intelligence

What don't IQ tests measure?

Practical intelligence ("street smarts")

Creativity

Garner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences (7)

Will Bartlett consistently comes to class chewing gum and intoxicated, and

always sits in the back of the class. When taking the exam, what should Will

do to get the highest score possible (for him that is; remember that he showed

up to class intoxicated so we don't have high hopes for Will)?

All of the above

The IQ test question "How many days are there in a year?" is part of which IQ scale score?

Verbal

Someone with an addiction who is researching addiction treatment centers in his/her city to find the best facility is at which stage of change?

Preparation

The lowest level (i.e., bottom of the ladder) in Maslow's hierarchy is:

Physiological

Which theory support the therapeutic technique of searching for your feelings in your bodily experiences (eg, stomach, throat, heart rate)?

James-Lange

Which of the following is NOT true regarding someone who has a "histrionic" personality?

He/she socres high on the neuroticism scale.

He/she scores low on the concientiousness scale.

He/she scores high on the extraversion scale.

He/she scores low on the openness scale

He/she scores low on the openness scale

Which of the following is NOT true regarding psychological disorders?

They are atypical

They are maladaptive

They are somewhat common

They are disturbing

They are somewhat common

Which of the following is true regarding the nature and nurture of alcoholism found in the Stockholm Adoption Study?

Children born to alcoholic parents but adopted into non-alcoholic families had 4 x the rate of alcoholism compared to the general population.

Children born to non-alcoholic parents but adopted into alcoholic families had 4 x the rate of alcoholism compared to the general population

Both groups had equally high rates of alcoholism.

Only the children born to alcoholic parents AND adopted into alcoholic families had signifiacntly higher rates of alcoholism.

Children born to alcoholic parents but adopted into non-alcoholic families had 4 x the rate of alcoholism compared to the general population.

Learning/Behaviorist model theorists are good at explaining which aspect of drug addiction:

Triggers/cues

Which of the following psychotherapy approaches would attempt to get the depressed patient to do activities (examples: reading, going to the movies, etc.) he/she used to find reinforcing as a way of reconnecting the patient to pleasurable experiences?

Behavioral

A man approaches you on the street asking if God has sent you so that he may begin his "mission". This man is suffering from (a)

Delusion

Much of the emptying of psychiatric hospitals in the 1950s was due to the discovery of which of the following?

Thorazine

A researcher wants to change the attitudes politically conservative people have about Michael Moore (conservatives HATE Michael Moore) using Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The researcher selects four groups of conservatives and asks each group to write positive essays about Michael Moore and his movies. The researcher then pays each group different amounts for writing their stories. After paying them, the researcher then asks the subjects to complete an opinion survey about Michael Moore. According to the dissonance account, which of the following payment amounts among the groups will lead to the most positive ratings of Michael Moore on the opinion surveys?

$1

A patient comes to therapy for a snake phobia but refuses to actually face a real snake. Which of the following techniques could be used to help the patient with his/her fear without having to see a real snake?

Systematic Desensitization

The tendency to decide that the patient's current problem is related to the first thing we diagnose rather than other problems is known as (the)

Premature closure/anchoring

In memory research, which of the following encoding channels leads to the best rates of word recognition?

Semantic

When politically conservative people are asked to watch MSNBC (conservatives HATE this station because it tends to represent the views of people on the opposite end of the political spectrum) in research studies, they exhibit the physiological signs of anxiety. This is thought to explain why people avoid media that contradict their worldview and seek out materials that support their worldviews. It also explains which of the following cognitive errors/biases?

Confirmation Bias

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

The hot water

People with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) often report that they wash their hands or "check" because it reduces the anxiety caused by the obsession. One reason it is hard to change the behavior is because the compulsion (e.g., hand washing) has become a:

Negative Reinforcer

What about Tolman's rat maze experiments on Latent Learning posed such a big problem for Learning Theorists?

Some of the rats were not reinforced with cheese for developing their mental maps of the routes.

Which of the following produced the first research demonstrating that Schizophrenia can be associated with significant brain degeneration?

MRI

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Also suggest that behavior is the sum of our reinforcement or punishment.

Drive-Reduction Theory