Exam 3 anatomy

During normal inspiration, volume of additional air has entered the lungs during a force maximum of inspiration called?

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The PaO2 of systemic arterial pressure of blood is typically>

PaO2=100 PaCO2= 46

What happens if you constrict afferent arteriole if you constrict, what happens to GFR?

Decreased GFR

What happens if you constrict efferent arteriole if you constrict, what happens to GFR?

Increased GFR

What happens if if the glucose is not absorbed in the tubular fluid?

Increased urine output which means polyuria, causes diabetes mellitus. Glucose can end up in urine if it isn’t reabsorbed, it causes more water to be lost

Lymphocytes

key players in the adaptive immune response; recognize & destroy foreign invaders, retaining memory of the encounter; includes B cells (mature bone marrow) & T cells (mature in the thymus; 20-30% stain dark blue nucleus, light blue cytoplasm

Eosinophils

Circulating granulocytes stain pink-orange with eosin; increase # during allergic reactions & parasite infections; major function is to kill intestinal worms; 1-6%

Neutrophils

First appears after injury; phagocytois (digest/engulf bacteria & particles); they are attracted to areas of inflammation & bacterial products by chemotactic factors; increase # during bacterial infections; they release toxins, free radicals, defensins, preteolytic enzymes: elastase, and can damage normal tissue; 60-80% stain red violet

Monocytes

Migrate to organs to become macrophages; powerful phagocytes; live for months to years; capable of cell division, important secretory function: release cytokines (help stimulate, coordinate, direct activities in immune system); important in wound healing, important in antigen presentation; increase # inflammation & viral infections; destroy dead neutrophils & inflammatory debris, 3-8% stain light blue

Basophils (Mast cells)

Contain & release histamine, mediate type I allergic reactions, initiate inflammation; structurally similar to mast cells; immunoglobulins E attaches to & sensitizes mast cells & basophils; 0-2%

Mast cells are basophils found in connective tissue& live for weeks to months

Cytotoxic T cells

Kills foreign cells, cancer cells, & cells infected with a virus; they can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, & then given to a patient to kill cancer cells

Helper T cells

Have CD4 proteins; activate other T cells & macrophages; stimulate B cell proliferation & antibody production; secrete proinflammatory cytokines

Macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens, dead cells, & debris; they are immune cells for foreign substances that defend from infection and help with tissue repair, and they live long

B Cells

Responsible for humoral immunity; two major types of cells: memory & plasma; they contain antigen receptors; memory exposure to an antigen is stored in memory B cell clones, survive for months to year.

Plasma Cells

Short-lived antibody producing factories; all plasma cells in clone secrete antibodies with identical monoclonal antibody; usually dies off when antigen is cleared

What are the functions of the spleen?

• Filters blood for pathogens like bacteria or viruses

• Triggers immune response

• House lymphocytes (B & T cells) that detect and respond to invaders

• Initiates antibody production when antigens are detected

• Removes old or damaged RBCs and platelets

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

• Transports interstitial fluid away from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstreams

• Absorbs lipids from the digestive system and transports them to the bloodstream; accomplished by lymphatic capillaries called lacteals

• Defends the body against diseases

The PVO2 of venous blood is typically..

PvO2=40

PvCO2=46

Type I hypersensitivity (immediate reaction)

• Allergy: person produces many IgE antibodies against a specific allergen

• Occurs within minutes after contact with an allergen; histamine is released

• Symptoms: hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and anaphylactic shock (life-threatening severe form)

Type II hypersensitivity (antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction):

• Antigen binds to specific cell; causes phagocytosis and complement lyses antigen

• Transfusion reaction

Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex reaction):

• Antigen → antibody complexes form and deposit in certain tissues

• Damages tissue via phagocytosis and complement-binding

• Antibody complexes can't be cleared from the body

• Example: Rheumatoid arthritis

Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed reaction):

• May affect anyone

• Results from repeated exposure of skin to allergen

• Allergen activates T cells in the skin, which release chemicals that cause eruptions and inflammation 

• Takes about 48 hours to occur

Protects against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions

IgE