[SOCSCI 1] UTS REVIEWER

Socrates

"The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance." - Socrates believed that ignorance is the root cause of evil and that true knowledge can be attained through disciplined conversation.

True Knowledge

• can be attained through disciplined conversation

• produces happiness

Disciplined Conversation

acting as an intellectual midwife

Plato

"Human behavior flows from three main sources:desire, motive, and knowledge." - Plato believed that our actions are influenced by our desires, motives, and level of knowledge or understanding.

Rene Descartes

"I doubt, therefore I think; I think therefore I am." - Descartes believed that the ability to doubt and think is what defines our existence as thinking beings.

John Locke

"All people in the world started in their life without knowing nothing." - Locke believed that every person begins their life with a blank slate (tabula rasa) and that knowledge is acquired through sensory experience and reflection.

2 Forms of experience

1. sensation

2. reflection

St. Agustine

"Love brings satisfaction & happiness." - Augustine believed that love is essential for human fulfillment and happiness, but disordered love can lead to misery and pathology in behavior.

Disordered love

having more expectation from an object of love which it cannot provide

Psychology

The science that studies human behavior.

Personality

• A collection of various characteristics that go beyond physical qualities and may be considered as the mask we wear when facing the outside world.

• Unique traits

Psychodynamic

The study of the unconscious forces that govern human behavior.

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis

Views humans as biological organisms motivated by the satisfaction of bodily needs and believes that childhood experiences shape adult personality.

3 Levels of Mind

1. Conscious

2. Preconscious

3. Unconscious

3 Structures of the Mind

1. Id - desire

2. Ego - reality

3. Superego - moral conscience

3 Types of Anxiety

1. Reality anxiety

2. Neurotic anxiety

3. Moral anxiety

Defense Mechanism

ego uses to defend itself against anxiety

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

Focuses on striving for superiority and overcoming inferiorities to become a better version of oneself.

Compensation

The concept that individuals develop strategies to compensate for their weaknesses and strive for a higher level of development.

Family Constellation (Birth Order)

Adler's idea that birth order in the family influences an individual's characteristics and personality.

Behaviorism

• The study of behavior that is observable and focuses on learning through conditioning.

• Founded by John B. Watson

B.F Skinner

Most human behaviors are learned through operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished based on their consequences.

3 Conditions under BF Skinner

1. Antecedent - environment

2. behavior

3. consequence

Positive Reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is followed by the arrival of pleasant stimulus or experience, increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an unpleasant experience, increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Positive Punishment

No longer repeat behavior as it is followed by the arrival of an unpleasant experience

Negative Punishment

no longer repeat behavior by the removal of somethin pleasant

Albert Bandura’s Observational Learning

Learning that occurs when an organism's response is influenced by observing others called models.

Live Modeling

When the person being imitated is seen or heard in person.

Symbolic Modeling

Learning through the use of a medium or instrument.

Humanistic

• Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, such as free will and potential for personal growth.

• 3rd school of psychology

Abraham Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization

The belief that human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs, and the ultimate goal is self-actualization, which is the fulfillment of one's potential.

Existentialism

The belief that individuals are responsible for who they are and what they become, and that they can choose to become what they can be.

Victor Frankl's Logotherapy

Based on the premise that humans are motivated by a "will to meaning," and meaning in life can be discovered through creating work, experiencing something, and choosing one's attitude towards suffering.