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define osmolarity
total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
what is osmolarity expressed as
osmoses per liter
hyposmotic means a … OsM
lower
hyperosmotic means a … OsM
higher
isosmotic means … OsM
equal
define osmotic pressure
force associated with osmosis, occurs when solutions of different OsM are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
define a hypotonic environment
GAIN water via osmosis and may burst (lysis) due to HIGH osmotic pressure
define a hypertonic environment
LOSE water via osmosis and shrink (crenation) due to LOW osmotic pressure
what is the calculation for pH
-log [concentration of H+]
the pH of pure water … as temperature INCREASES
DECREASES
acids … [H+] and thus DECREASES pH
increases
bases … [H+] and thus INCREASES pH
decreases
define a buffer
diminishes effects of acids and bases on pH change, work only over a particular pH range
pK is pH at which…
half an acid dissociates
what does pK value reflects…
strength of acids and bases
pK less than 3 means a …. acid
strong
pK greater than 11 means a … base
strong
2 changes in pH and temperature
affect ionization of amino acids
affect protein structure and function
name 2 important buffers in cytoplasm (intracellular)
phosphate and histadine
name an important buffer in extracellular fluids
bicarbonate
why is it important for animals to maintain pH homeostasis? what effect does pH change have on amino acids and protein structure/function)?
CO2 reacts with water to produce carbonic acid → Carbonic acid H2CO3 dissociates to release H+ and bicarbonate ions HCO3- → CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- → Changes in Co2 level and pH determines net reaction to “left” and “right” → Bicarbonate buffer system resists changes in blood pH. → Normal blood pH is about 7.4 (slightly basic). → If blood pH rises (becomes too basic), then more carbonic acid dissociates releasing more H+. →If blood pH falls (becomes too acidic), then more bicarbonate ions bind with H+.
what are the other 4 types of bonds
hydrogen bonds
van der Waals forces
ionic bonds
hydrophobic interactions
low temperature … attractive (Van der Waals) force between lipids
strengthens
what do animals add to their membrane which allows them to remodel at lower temperature
cholesterol
define passive diffusion
movement across the concentration gradient directly across the membrane (high → low), no energy or channels needed
define facilitated diffusion
requires the use of ion channels (permease or aquaporins)
define primary active transport
requires ATP
for example, Na+/ K+ pump
define secondary active transport
requires ATP
for example, exchanger (anti porter) or co-transporter (symport)
how are lipids stored
triglycerides
easily stored
how are carbohydrates stored
glycogen granules
lipids are metabolized … than carbohydrates are
SLOWER
lipids have a … energy content per unit mass
HIGH
carbohydrates are metabolized … than lipids are
FASTER
carbohydrates have a … ratio of ATP produced/ o2 consumed
HIGHER
define the respiratory quotient (RQ)
ratio between CO2 formed in metabolism and O2 used
what is the formula for RQ
CO2 formed / O2 used
what is the RQ for carbohydrate
1.0
what is the RQ for fat
0.7
what is the RQ for protein
0.8
what are receptors, ion channels and carriers made up of
proteins