History Midterm Review

Black Codes and Jim Crow laws

_________ were laws passed at different periods in the southern United States to enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of Black voters. After the Civil War ended in 1865, some states passed _____ _____ that severely limited the rights of Black people, many of whom had been enslaved.

Suffrage

People were denied \________ through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests, having to own property or have an education.

The 1866 elections

\________________ all but ended presidential Reconstruction. The Republicans won overwhelming majorities in both the House and Senate, putting them in a position to easily override any veto by President Andrew Johnson. Spurred on the new stage of Reconstruction: Radical/Congressional Reconstruction

The KKK

The goals of \______ included the political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy.

Election of 1876

The \_____________ resulted in a tie. It was resolved with the Compromise of 1876, in which the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

Carpetbaggers

\_____________ was a term used by white southerners to describe opportunistic Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War, who were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, and/or social gain.

Sharecropping

Through \_____________, white landowners hoarded the profits of Black workers' agricultural labor, trapping them in poverty and debt for generations. Black people who challenged this system of domination faced threats, violence, and even murder.

13th Amendment

\______________:The abolishment of slavery.

14th Amendment

\_______________:Equal protection under the Constitution for all United States citizens.

15th Amendment

\_______________:No voting discrimination of race.

16th Amendment

\________________:Income tax is legal.

17th Amendment

\_______________:Popular vote for United States Senate.

18th Amendment

\________________:Prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment

\_______________:Women's right to vote.

21st Amendment

\_______________:Repeal of prohibition of alcohol.

Birth of a Nation

The film______________ was controversial because it portrayed African Americans as barbarous and inferior. It also portrayed the KKK as heroic.

Radical Republicans

The \__________________ felt strongly that the Confederates needed to be punished for their pro-slavery views and should only be readmitted to the Union after they had abolished slavery among other conditions. They believed that government intervention in states was necessary to ensure abolition and civil rights for Blacks.

General Sherman's Field Order No. 15

\______________________ gave hope to blacks because it set aside plots of southern land for distribution.

Closed Shops

\______________ is an establishment in which the employer by agreement hires only union members in good standing.

William "Boss" Tweed

\___________ led the Tammany Hall political machine.

Philanthropy

\____________ is the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.

The Gospel of Wealth

In \_________________ Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good. In other words, the richest Americans should actively engage in philanthropy and charity in order to close the widening gap between rich and poor. He noted that outright giving was wrong, but providing opportunities was correct.

Haymarket Square

\_____________ was a violent confrontation between police and labor protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle. A bomb went off killing several police officers. Created panic and hysteria in Chicago and increased anti-labor and anti-immigrant sentiment and suspicion of the international anarchist movement, throughout the country (several Chicago labour leaders were anarchist immigrants from Germany). Because it was accused (perhaps unfairly) of involvement in the violence, the Knights of Labor, then the largest union organization in the U.S., declined and soon disbanded, as many locals joined the new less-radical American Federation of Labor.

Gilded Age

The term\_____ was used to describe a period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism. The term \_____ means gold/value covering/hiding rot/corruption.

Great Migration

The \______ was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. the \_________ is connected to race riots because white social and economic fears (the latter focusing on job competition) surfaced and prompted race riots in many northern cities. The cause of many migrants was because of racial riots in Southern cities.

Corporation model of organizing a business

the \___________________ is separation of ownership from management. Advantages: 1-The sale of stock raises capital. (money needed to start and operate large businesses.) 2- Corporations can operate without a single owner. 3 - There is less risk involved being a stockholder than being the sole owner of a company. (limited liability)

Woodrow Wilson

The federal reserve system was introduced by president \_______________.

Federal Reserve System

The \____________ is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.

Hiring "scabs", Pinkertons, lockouts, blacklisting, and court injunctions

\____________ are tools used by "management" during a union conflict.

boycotts, informational picketing, closed shops, and organized strikes

\___________ are tools used by the laborers during a union conflict.

AFL

The \___ believed in setting practical goals that could be reached and supported the use of strikes to achieve their goals. Since they were skilled workers, they could not easily be replaced. Because of this the \___ was the most successful union.

Laissez -Faire

\________________ is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism. The free market. Government hands-off.

Initiative

An ________ is a means through which any citizen or organization may gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify a measure to be placed on a ballot, and to be voted upon in a future election.

Referendum

A _____________ is a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. (The people get to decide)

Recall

______ is a power reserved to the voters that allows the voters, by petition, to demand the removal of an elected official.

Direct Primary

A ______________, which is now used in some form in all U.S. states, functions as a preliminary election whereby voters decide their party's candidates. In an indirect primary, voters elect delegates who choose the party's candidates at a nominating convention.

Margaret Sanger

\______________ founded the birth control movement and became an outspoken and life-long advocate for women's reproductive rights.

The Jungle

\_________ had a theme commenting on working conditions in the meat-packing industry. It led to the Meat Inspection Act. Written by Upton Sinclair.

What were some of the changes that resulted from the emergence of the factory system as a method of producing goods?

centralization and increased sale of production, changes in organization, and an extensive division of labor.

The Elkins Act

\____________ is a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

Square Deal

The \__________ was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy based on three basic ideas: protection of the consumer, control of large corporations, and conservation of natural resources.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

The initial purpose of the \_____ was to promote abstinence from alcohol.

Ida Tarbell

\________ helped pioneer investigative journalism when she wrote a series of magazine articles about John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. She and other journalists, who were called "muckrakers," aided Progressive Movement reform efforts. Dissolved Standard Oil Trust!

Muckraking

\________ was journaling or researching to expose social problems and encourage reform.

Lewis Hines

\_________ traveled around the country photographing the working conditions of children in all types of industries.

Jacob Riis

\__________ wrote "How the Other Half Lives," exposing photographs of the horrible living conditions during the progressive era in NYC.

Political Machine

A \________ was a cycle of power. Using political power to perpetually keep that power. Often times by encouraging/bribing people to vote for you.

Nativists

\_______ feared that Catholic immigrants would serve the interests of the Pope rather than those of the United States.

Progressives

A main objective of the _______________ was to eliminate corruption within the government. They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today.

Populists

The Ocala Demands laid out the _________ platform: collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, graduated income tax, and a Sub-Treasury Plan that required the establishment of federally controlled warehouses to aid farmers. They pushed for and gained the right to directly elect US senators.

The Inspection Act, Interstate Commerce Commission (and the Hepburn Act), the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, and The Federal Trade Commission

\________________________________examples of legislation to regulate business

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

\___________________ was a fire that destroyed the factory and killed many female seamstresses there. It raised awareness about the progressive movement and working conditions.

Expansion

In the late 19th and early 20th century \______ was justified by both a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Americans motivated the United States' imperial mission.

Filipino rebels

The war against the \_______ had a significant human cost.. An estimated 20,000 \_________ were killed, and more than 200,000 civilians perished as a result of combat, hunger, or disease. Many American soldiers were excessively brutal and massacred innocents.

The White Man's Burden

Colonialism is the most overarching theme in \_______________, especially when the poem focuses on white men's burden of colonizing and civilizing other nations.

Rough Riders

The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba, the\_____________ was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry.

Platt Amendment

Approved on May 22, 1903, the \________________ was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence. Contradicted the teller amendment, which said that the U.S would not try to rule Cuba.

Dollar Diplomacy

\___________ was the practice of promising American financial support, either through federal loans or private business participation, in other countries. As a result, various political favors were granted to the United States government, such as selecting key government officials.

Splendid Little War

Secretary of State John Hay described the Spanish-American War as the \_______________. It was brief, lasting only a few months, and relatively bloodless, as the US lost more men to disease than in combat.

Roosevelt Corollary

\_____________, a foreign policy declaration by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in 1904-05 stating that, in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country, the United States could intervene in that country's internal affairs. Considered to be an extension of early 19th century doctrine.

The Canal Zone

On November 6, 1903, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting America exclusive and permanent possession of the \___________. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later.

Acquisition of Hawaii

The \_____________ happened because of the house Joint Resolution 259, 55th Congress, 2nd session, known as the "Newlands Resolution," passed Congress and was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7, 1898 — the Hawaiian islands were officially annexed by the United States. Sanford Dole became the first Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

\____________________________ were the MAIN (underlying) causes of the Great War.

war time agencies

\_______________ such as the Committee on Public Information or CPI had the purpose of spreading propaganda and work on the homefront, or to work as counter-espionage.

Zimmermann Telegram

The \_________________was written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, and is a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States. It was intercepted by US intelligence.

Lusitania

A British cruise ship called the \_________ had american passengers and was destroyed by a German submarine, spurring the US to eventually join the war.

East St. Louis

On July 1, 1917, a rumor spread claiming that a white man had been killed by a black man, and tensions boiled over. The next day, the city of \_____________ exploded in the worst racial rioting the country had ever seen.

The US entering the war

Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 was the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision for \______________.

finance the Great War

During the Depression, the Government's debt began to grow again since it was not collecting much money in taxes. 1914 - In preparation for its involvement in World War I, the U.S. Government was able to \____________ by selling "Liberty Bonds."

Women on the homefront

\_____________were employed in a variety of jobs, which had previously been carried out by men. They joined the military, worked in defense plants, drove streetcars, worked on farms, and performed other roles on the home front.

A. Migration of People

Examples:

The Great Migration

B. Individuals, groups, institutions ( writing and reform)

Examples:

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis

C. Foreign Policy (Expansion)

Examples:

The annexation of Hawaii

The Spanish-American war

D. Technology

Examples:

Railroads

Flash Photography

E. Change

Examples:

The 15th amendment