AP European History Summer Work Test

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Renaissance

Rebirth of Art and Learning that began around 1400 CE

Classical Era

The era from 800 BCE to 500 CE, the height of the Greek and Roman civilizations

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Secularism

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to please God. Not focusing on Religion

Humanist

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy) Emphasized human achievement and dignity

Individualism

Belief in the uniqueness of each person and that each person's achievements should be celebrated

Petrarch

Father of Humanism. Characterized the "Middle Ages" as the "Dark Ages"

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness. A Magi (enlightened scholar) is most respected Renaissance Humanist

Civic Humanism

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government to use their knowledge and understanding to improve society

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means”

Geometric Perspective

A drawing method by which it is possible to use mathematics to depict a three-dimensional form on a two dimensional work

Filippo Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, who filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503)

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Albrecht Durer

Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling

Albrecht Durer

Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life

Rembrandt

Greatest Dutch artists of his time; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and biblical stories

Christian Humanism

A movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian --although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly and translated the New Testament into Greek (1466-1536)

Thomas More

English humanist who wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society where the people lived in harmony, sharing resources

Movable Type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. (Invented in Korea 13th Century)

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Printing Press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself

Gutenberg Bible

The first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press

Vernacular literature

Literature written in the everyday language spoken by common people

Martin Luther

Posted 95 theses in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany. Printing Press spread the posted ideas like wildfire

Vernacular language

Everyday language of ordinary people (rather than the scholarly language of Latin, for example)

Leonardo Bruni

Key figure associated with the early Renaissance and the development of humanism, particularly recognized for his contributions to historical writing