Biology level 2 Mid-Yer Review

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Carbon

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115 Terms

1

Carbon

In all organic compounds

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2

Hydrophillic Ends

Likes the water

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3

Hydrophobic

Does NOT like the water

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4

Mitochondria

Power house of the cell, site of ATP/ engery production

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5

Ribosomes

make proteins

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6

Amino Acid(s)

monomer of protein

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7

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

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8

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of monomers

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9

Simple structures

carbohydrates

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10

an example of polymers are…

lipids

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11

Peptide bonds

Bonds between amino acids

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12

Lysosomes

an organelle containing digestive enzymes

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13

monomer of DNA

nulceiotide

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14

Rough ER

Transportation system of the cell, moves materials around the cell, synthesizes proteins for packaing in the golgi bodies.

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15

Vacule

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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16

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where phototsynthesis occurs

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17

cellulose

carbohydrate component, made of sugar, of plant cell walls

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18

glucose

simple sugar that is an important source of energy

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19

fertilization

fusion of an egg and sperm cell

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20

diploid (2n)

cells with both sets of homologous chromosome

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21

meiosis

type of cell divison that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromomsones of the parent cell

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22

sperm cell

male gamete with half the number of chromosomes

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23

egg cells

female gamete with half the number of chromosomes

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24

haploid

cell with half set of chromosomes

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25

gamete

specialized cell (egg or sperm) half the number of chromosomes

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26

zygote

product of fertilization between female egg cells and male sperm cells

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27

tetrads

pair of homologous chromosones; two sets of sister chromotids

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28

sodium potissium pump

carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cells snf potassium ion into the cells

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29

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of genetic message by inserting ot deleting a nulceotide (insertation and deletion)

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30

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visibe and the centrioles seperate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

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31

x-linked recessive

sex-linked

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32

messenger RNA; mRNA

RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

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33

stages of mitosis

PMAT(prophase, metapahse, anaphase and telophase)

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34

cell theory

all livng things are made of cells, cells are basic units of strcuture and function, new cells come from pre-exsisting cells

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35

single bond

sharing two bonds

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36

Anaphase

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes seperate and move to the opposite ends of the cell

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37

chromotids

½ of a double copy chromsomes

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38

chromatin

clusters of DNA, RNA, and protieins in the nucleus of a cell

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39

centriole

cell organelle that aids in cell divison in animal cells only

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40

centronome

the reigon where the two chromotids are joined tightly

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41

DNA and RNA are…

Nucleic acids, polymers made of subunits called nucleotides

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42

starch

stored for long term use in plants

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43

Lipids

“fatty acids”; used for compact energy storage and insulation

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44

monosaccharides

ex. Glucose, fructose and sucrose

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45

polysaccharides

carbs that arer made up of 2+ monosaccharides; multiple sugars

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46

DNA contains…

genetic information

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47

enzymes

catalyst for chemical reactions in livig things; speed up

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48

tempature and pH

these can makes enzymes work faster, slower or not at all

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49

adenine

base that pairs with thymine in DNA

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50

guanine

base that pairs with cytosine

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51

Uracil

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.

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52

double helix

twsited ladder structure

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53

transfer RNA; tRNA

nucleic acids that carries the anticodon and the amino acid

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54

ribosomal RNA; rRNA

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

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55

anticodon

3 base codons of tRNA (complimentary to mRNA)

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56

Okazaki fragments

pieces of DNA created by the lagging strand

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DNA polymerase

enzyme that adds new complementary bases to DNA during replication

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58

Codon

3 base code of mRNA for an amino acid

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59

transcription

process of copying gene from DNA into mRNA

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60

Semi-conservative replication

singular old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA (unzips DNA)

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61

Analogous strcutures

body parts that share a common function, but not structure

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62

convergence

species evolve to look smiliar due to similar slective pressures (enviroment)

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63

common ancestor

shared ancestor of new, different species that arose from one population

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64

homologous strcuture

strcutures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry and derived from the same embryonic tissue

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65

divergence

the accumulatioon of diffrence between two groups

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66

vestigal structures

parts of an organism that have little or no use now but did to and ancestor it evolved from

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67

deoxyribose

5-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

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68

ribose

5-carbon sugar that is a component of RNA nucleotides

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69

replication forks

area where DNA replications occur

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70

sugar/phosphate

backbone of DNA is constructed from…

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71

STOP codons

3 codons that do not code

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72

substatutions

silent, missense, nonsense

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73

Insertation

Frameshift mutation; adds a part or whole chromosomes to DNA sequence

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74

deletion

Frameshift mutation; loss of all or part of a chromosome

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75

duplication

produces and extra copy of a chromosomes

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76

translation-in ribosome

part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another (process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced)

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77

Mutations

may ot may not result in phenotypic change in an organism

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78

plasticity

ability to be molded or changed

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79

co-dominance

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

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80

incomplete dominance

neither allele is dominant

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81

prokaryotes

have no nucleus and lack most organelles (appears in earth’s earliest fossil records) (packs bacteria)

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82

eukaryote

cell that contains a nucleus and membrane most organelles

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83

smooth ER

lacks ribosomes and males lipid component of the cell membrane

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84

vesicles

carry proteins between compartments

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85

golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export, last stop before proteins are sent out of the cell, series of flattened sacks.

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86

cytoskeleton

netwokr of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape,and aids movement

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87

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm mi

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88

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell divison during whcih the cell nucleus divides

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89

phospholipid bilayer

2 fatty acid + 1 glycerol (hydrophobuis tail + a phospahte group [hydrophilic head] )

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90

nonpolar molecule

molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositelt charged ends and cross with ease (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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91

polar molecules n

(such as sugars) and many ions do not have oppositely charged ends and cross with ease

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92

osmosis

diffusion of water through a semipermiable membrane

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93

hypotonic solution

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

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hypertonic solution

solute concentration is more than that inside the cell, cell loses water

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95

isotonic

both the solution and the cell have the same concentrations

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96

facilitated diffusion

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through proteins channels

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97

active transport

transport requiring energy/ATP that moves material across cell membrane from low-high against the concentration difference

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98

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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99

exocytosis

process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

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100

covalent bond

chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

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