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Carbon
In all organic compounds
Hydrophillic Ends
Likes the water
Hydrophobic
Does NOT like the water
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell, site of ATP/ engery production
Ribosomes
make proteins
Amino Acid(s)
monomer of protein
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Polymers
large compound formed from combinations of monomers
Simple structures
carbohydrates
an example of polymers are…
lipids
Peptide bonds
Bonds between amino acids
Lysosomes
an organelle containing digestive enzymes
monomer of DNA
nulceiotide
Rough ER
Transportation system of the cell, moves materials around the cell, synthesizes proteins for packaing in the golgi bodies.
Vacule
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where phototsynthesis occurs
cellulose
carbohydrate component, made of sugar, of plant cell walls
glucose
simple sugar that is an important source of energy
fertilization
fusion of an egg and sperm cell
diploid (2n)
cells with both sets of homologous chromosome
meiosis
type of cell divison that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromomsones of the parent cell
sperm cell
male gamete with half the number of chromosomes
egg cells
female gamete with half the number of chromosomes
haploid
cell with half set of chromosomes
gamete
specialized cell (egg or sperm) half the number of chromosomes
zygote
product of fertilization between female egg cells and male sperm cells
tetrads
pair of homologous chromosones; two sets of sister chromotids
sodium potissium pump
carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cells snf potassium ion into the cells
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of genetic message by inserting ot deleting a nulceotide (insertation and deletion)
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visibe and the centrioles seperate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
x-linked recessive
sex-linked
messenger RNA; mRNA
RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
stages of mitosis
PMAT(prophase, metapahse, anaphase and telophase)
cell theory
all livng things are made of cells, cells are basic units of strcuture and function, new cells come from pre-exsisting cells
single bond
sharing two bonds
Anaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes seperate and move to the opposite ends of the cell
chromotids
½ of a double copy chromsomes
chromatin
clusters of DNA, RNA, and protieins in the nucleus of a cell
centriole
cell organelle that aids in cell divison in animal cells only
centronome
the reigon where the two chromotids are joined tightly
DNA and RNA are…
Nucleic acids, polymers made of subunits called nucleotides
starch
stored for long term use in plants
Lipids
“fatty acids”; used for compact energy storage and insulation
monosaccharides
ex. Glucose, fructose and sucrose
polysaccharides
carbs that arer made up of 2+ monosaccharides; multiple sugars
DNA contains…
genetic information
enzymes
catalyst for chemical reactions in livig things; speed up
tempature and pH
these can makes enzymes work faster, slower or not at all
adenine
base that pairs with thymine in DNA
guanine
base that pairs with cytosine
Uracil
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.
double helix
twsited ladder structure
transfer RNA; tRNA
nucleic acids that carries the anticodon and the amino acid
ribosomal RNA; rRNA
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
anticodon
3 base codons of tRNA (complimentary to mRNA)
Okazaki fragments
pieces of DNA created by the lagging strand
DNA polymerase
enzyme that adds new complementary bases to DNA during replication
Codon
3 base code of mRNA for an amino acid
transcription
process of copying gene from DNA into mRNA
Semi-conservative replication
singular old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA (unzips DNA)
Analogous strcutures
body parts that share a common function, but not structure
convergence
species evolve to look smiliar due to similar slective pressures (enviroment)
common ancestor
shared ancestor of new, different species that arose from one population
homologous strcuture
strcutures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry and derived from the same embryonic tissue
divergence
the accumulatioon of diffrence between two groups
vestigal structures
parts of an organism that have little or no use now but did to and ancestor it evolved from
deoxyribose
5-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
ribose
5-carbon sugar that is a component of RNA nucleotides
replication forks
area where DNA replications occur
sugar/phosphate
backbone of DNA is constructed from…
STOP codons
3 codons that do not code
substatutions
silent, missense, nonsense
Insertation
Frameshift mutation; adds a part or whole chromosomes to DNA sequence
deletion
Frameshift mutation; loss of all or part of a chromosome
duplication
produces and extra copy of a chromosomes
translation-in ribosome
part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another (process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced)
Mutations
may ot may not result in phenotypic change in an organism
plasticity
ability to be molded or changed
co-dominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
incomplete dominance
neither allele is dominant
prokaryotes
have no nucleus and lack most organelles (appears in earth’s earliest fossil records) (packs bacteria)
eukaryote
cell that contains a nucleus and membrane most organelles
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes and males lipid component of the cell membrane
vesicles
carry proteins between compartments
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export, last stop before proteins are sent out of the cell, series of flattened sacks.
cytoskeleton
netwokr of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape,and aids movement
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm mi
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell divison during whcih the cell nucleus divides
phospholipid bilayer
2 fatty acid + 1 glycerol (hydrophobuis tail + a phospahte group [hydrophilic head] )
nonpolar molecule
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositelt charged ends and cross with ease (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide)
polar molecules n
(such as sugars) and many ions do not have oppositely charged ends and cross with ease
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semipermiable membrane
hypotonic solution
solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
hypertonic solution
solute concentration is more than that inside the cell, cell loses water
isotonic
both the solution and the cell have the same concentrations
facilitated diffusion
movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through proteins channels
active transport
transport requiring energy/ATP that moves material across cell membrane from low-high against the concentration difference
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
exocytosis
process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
covalent bond
chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons