MODULE 3: Infancy

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Rooting

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involves the baby turning her head when her cheek or mouth is touched.

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Moro reflex

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a startle response in which the infant arches his back and throws out his arms and legs

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28 Terms

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Rooting

involves the baby turning her head when her cheek or mouth is touched.

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Moro reflex

a startle response in which the infant arches his back and throws out his arms and legs

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Grasping reflex

involves the infant grabbing something that touches her palm

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Stepping reflex

involves the infant making stepping motions when held above a surface

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Babinski reflex

when the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out

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nREM sleep

when the baby is nearly motionless

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REM sleep

characterized by uneven breathing and makes up roughly half of an infant’s daily sleep pattern.

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“5 S’s” of infant soothing

Swaddling, Swinging, Sushing, Sucking, Side position

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Why might the five S’s help an infant settle down?

These provide touch that releases endorphins, provide calming “white noise,” and mimic the motion the baby experienced in the womb. They also minimize overstimulation the baby might be experiencing.

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Why might it be important for parents to understand infant sleeping and crying?

Knowledge of typical patterns of sleeping and crying can help parents understand their own emotions and minimize frustration at a crying baby to avoid instances of shaken baby syndrome.

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cephalocaudal patterns of physical development

starts at the head and works toward the limbs and other body parts

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proximodistal patterns of physical development

starts at the trunk and works toward the limbs.

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Piaget’s stages of growth

Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational

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Six stages of the Sensory motor stage

Simple reflexes, First habits and Primary Circular Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, Coordination of Secondary Circular, Tertiary Circular, Internalization of Schemes

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Describe Simple Reflexes

serve as building blocks to eventually become intentional movements.  

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Describe First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions

reflexes go away and movements become intentional, eventually forming habits. The baby is purposefully trying to reproduce pleasurable events as themselves as the primary object. They will explore their own body parts. 

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Describe Secondary Circular Reactions

purposeful behaviors are focused on the outside world and therefore build mental representations of how things work. 

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Describe Coordination of Secondary Circular

more coordination and goal oriented. 

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Describe Tertiary Circular

involves repetitive and various experimenting and trying different things.

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Describe Internalization of Schemes

use and understand symbols and can think of an object without seeing it right in front of them. This is called object permanence.

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three infant temperament types

Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up

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Describe Easy Children

establish routines, are generally happy, and easily adaptable

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Describe Difficult Children

are difficult when establishing routines, not adaptable, and often irritable

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Describe Slow to warm up children

are fairly inactive, and adjust slowly to novel situations. Their moods tend to be not as positive as the easy children, but not as negative as the difficult children

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To what extent do infant temperaments predict adult personality?

There is mixed evidence that infant temperament predicts personality. Some factors seem connected, but others do not.

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What is attachment?

refers to a close emotional bond

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How has attachment been measured?

Ainsworth’s strange situation test which allowed her to observe children in situations where they were with their mother and with a stranger. This led to different categorizations of attachment styles and typical patterns of behavior that go along with them

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How have researchers understood both nature and nurture affecting attachment?

Bowlby and Ainsworth focused on the nurture aspects of attachment, focusing on qualities of the caregivers, but Kagan focused on nature aspects.