Rooting
involves the baby turning her head when her cheek or mouth is touched.
Moro reflex
a startle response in which the infant arches his back and throws out his arms and legs
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Rooting
involves the baby turning her head when her cheek or mouth is touched.
Moro reflex
a startle response in which the infant arches his back and throws out his arms and legs
Grasping reflex
involves the infant grabbing something that touches her palm
Stepping reflex
involves the infant making stepping motions when held above a surface
Babinski reflex
when the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out
nREM sleep
when the baby is nearly motionless
REM sleep
characterized by uneven breathing and makes up roughly half of an infant’s daily sleep pattern.
“5 S’s” of infant soothing
Swaddling, Swinging, Sushing, Sucking, Side position
Why might the five S’s help an infant settle down?
These provide touch that releases endorphins, provide calming “white noise,” and mimic the motion the baby experienced in the womb. They also minimize overstimulation the baby might be experiencing.
Why might it be important for parents to understand infant sleeping and crying?
Knowledge of typical patterns of sleeping and crying can help parents understand their own emotions and minimize frustration at a crying baby to avoid instances of shaken baby syndrome.
cephalocaudal patterns of physical development
starts at the head and works toward the limbs and other body parts
proximodistal patterns of physical development
starts at the trunk and works toward the limbs.
Piaget’s stages of growth
Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational
Six stages of the Sensory motor stage
Simple reflexes, First habits and Primary Circular Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, Coordination of Secondary Circular, Tertiary Circular, Internalization of Schemes
Describe Simple Reflexes
serve as building blocks to eventually become intentional movements.
Describe First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
reflexes go away and movements become intentional, eventually forming habits. The baby is purposefully trying to reproduce pleasurable events as themselves as the primary object. They will explore their own body parts.
Describe Secondary Circular Reactions
purposeful behaviors are focused on the outside world and therefore build mental representations of how things work.
Describe Coordination of Secondary Circular
more coordination and goal oriented.
Describe Tertiary Circular
involves repetitive and various experimenting and trying different things.
Describe Internalization of Schemes
use and understand symbols and can think of an object without seeing it right in front of them. This is called object permanence.
three infant temperament types
Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up
Describe Easy Children
establish routines, are generally happy, and easily adaptable
Describe Difficult Children
are difficult when establishing routines, not adaptable, and often irritable
Describe Slow to warm up children
are fairly inactive, and adjust slowly to novel situations. Their moods tend to be not as positive as the easy children, but not as negative as the difficult children
To what extent do infant temperaments predict adult personality?
There is mixed evidence that infant temperament predicts personality. Some factors seem connected, but others do not.
What is attachment?
refers to a close emotional bond
How has attachment been measured?
Ainsworth’s strange situation test which allowed her to observe children in situations where they were with their mother and with a stranger. This led to different categorizations of attachment styles and typical patterns of behavior that go along with them
How have researchers understood both nature and nurture affecting attachment?
Bowlby and Ainsworth focused on the nurture aspects of attachment, focusing on qualities of the caregivers, but Kagan focused on nature aspects.