Unit 5 study guide notes

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25 Terms

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Scientific Revolution

The spread of scientific ideas in Europe during the 18th century through popular press and growing literacy.

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Adam Smith

An economist who created laws that accounted for the working economy and believed that following these laws would lead to favorable results for society.

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Enlightenment

The long-term outcome of scientific development, characterized by the questioning of traditional beliefs and the emphasis on reason and individualism.

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Immanuel Kant

A philosopher who asked the question "What is Enlightenment?" and emphasized the importance of using one's own understanding.

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John Locke

A philosopher who gave principles for creating a constitutional government and believed in a social contract created by human ingenuity.

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Voltaire

A writer who reflected the outlook of the Scientific Revolution and commented sarcastically on religious intolerance.

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Rousseau

A philosopher who minimized the importance of book learning and emphasized the immersion in nature as a way to teach self-reliance and generosity.

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Deists

Believers in an abstract and remote Deity, compared to a clockmaker who had created the world.

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Pantheists

Believers who saw God and nature as identical.

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Parisian women

Women in Paris who hosted gatherings in their salons for male enlightenment figures.

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Encyclopedia

A famous publication that included very few essays by women.

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Confucianism

A philosophy that encouraged enlightenment thinkers to imagine a future for European civilization.

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Charles Darwin

A scientist who argued that all life was in constant change.

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Karl Marx

A philosopher who articulated a view of human history that emphasized change and struggle, particularly driven by conflicting social classes.

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Sigmund Freud

A psychologist who applied scientific techniques to the operation of the human mind and emotions, casting doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality.

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Atlantic Revolutions

Revolutions that occurred in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America in the context of expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing processes.

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Popular sovereignty

The idea that the authority to govern derives from the people rather than from God or established tradition.

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North American Revolution

The struggle for independence from oppressive British rule, marked by the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

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Haitian Revolution

A violent revolution in Saint Domingue that led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti.

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Latin American Revolutions

Revolutions in Spanish colonies that sought independence from Spanish rule.

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Nativism

The belief that those born in the Americas should have more rights and privileges than those born in Spain or Portugal.

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Abolitionist movement

A movement that condemned slavery as morally wrong and actively sought to abolish it.

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Great Jamaican Revolt

A slave revolt in Jamaica that influenced the abolishment of slavery in Britain.

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Economic lives of former slaves

The economic conditions and opportunities for former slaves after the abolition of slavery.

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Indentured servants

Individuals from India and China who were brought to the Caribbean, Peru, South Africa, etc., to work as laborers after the end of slavery.