Honors Biology - Chapter 9 Photosynthesis Test

Heterotroph definition

Organisms that get energy by eating food

Heterotroph example

Animals, human, fungi

Autotroph definition

Organisms that make their own food

Autotroph example

Plants/algae

What is ATP

Principle compound cells use for energy

How is energy stored/released in ATP

Through phosphate bonds; if the bonds break energy is released, and if the bond is reconnected the energy is given back

What are the different parts of an ATP molecule

Adenine → ribose → phosphate

Where does the energy used to turn ADP → ATP come from

Food

What cellular activities do cells do to use ATP

• Muscle contraction

• Active transport

• Photosynthesis

• Transport

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O [with light]→ C6H12O6 + 6 O2

What are pigments

Light absorbing molecules

What is chlorophyll

Main pigment/molecule plants use in photosynthesis

What colors of the light spectrum does chlorophyll reflect and absorb

Absorbs:

• Red

• Blue

Reflects:

• Green

Where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast

Photosystems within the thylakoid membrane

What are the parts of a chloroplast

• Thylakoid

• Granum

• Photosystems

• Stroma

What is the thylakoid in a chloroplast

Disc-like molecule

What is the granum in a chloroplast

A stack of flat discs with pigment

What are the photosystems in a chloroplast

Small spherical molecules near the connecting points of a stack of thylakoids

What is the stroma in a chloroplast

A jelly-like substance, essentially the cytoplasm of this organelle

What is NADP+

An electron carrier

How does NADP+ work

Transports high energy electrons from light-dependent reactions to light-independent reactions

What does NADP+ become when it grabs electrons

NADPH

Where in the chloroplast do light-dependent reactions occur

in the thylakoid membrane

What products come from light-dependent reactions

• ATP

• NADPH

• Oxygen

What does ETC stand for

Electron transport chain

What does the ETC do

Transports high energy electrons to turn NADP+ into NADPH

What does ATP synthase do

H+ ions escape across the thylakoid membrane to make ATP

What parts does a water molecule get broken into during light dependent reactions

H2O → H+ + O2 + e-

What is the order of the ETC

Photosystem II → electron carriers → photosystem I → ATP synthase

Describe the 4 main events that happen in the ETC

1. Light goes through the cytoplasm and into the second photosystem → High energy electrons are made + water molecules are split into H+ and O2

2. These electrons move down to photosystem one, generating energy to pump H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane and into the thylakoid space

3. In photosystem one, electrons are reenergized. A second ETC transfers the electrons to NADP+ in order to make it NADPH

4. Once enough H+ ions are in the thylakoid space to make it positively charged, H+ ions pass back across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase. The ATP synthase molecule rotates as this happens, and energy produced converts ADP into ATP

Where is the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur

In the stroma

What does the Calvin Cycle produce

• Glucose

• NADP+

• ADP

Why do two sets of three molecules need to leave the cycle to make glucose

Glucose needs six total carbon molecules, 2 × 3 = 6

What three factors affect photosynthesis

• Light intensity

• Temperature

• Water

What are the 4 main steps in the Calvin Cycle

1. Six CO2 molecules combine with 6 5-carbon molecules → makes twelve different 3-carbon compounds

2. ATP and NADPH turn all twelve of the 3-carbon molecules into higher energy forms, turning ATP → ADP and NADPH → NAPH+

3. Two of the 3-carbon molecules leave the cycle to produce sugars, lipids, etc.

4. The ten remaining 3-carbon molecules convert back into six separate 5-carbon molecules using ATP, once more turning to into ADP. The cycle now repeats.

Photosynthesis takes place in the…

Chloroplasts

The function of chlorophyll is to…

Capture energy from the sun

What reactants are needed for light-dependent reactions?

Light and water

What reactions are needed for light-independent reactions?

Carbon dioxide and energy-rich compounds