Homeostasis

What is anatomy? Physiology? How are they related? How is form related to function.

Anatomy is the study biological form of an organism. Physiology is the study of the function of that organ.

What is a tissue?

A tissue is made out cells that help made organs

The 4 types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

What features are characteristic of epithelial tissues? Know the types of epithelial tissue we discussed and where in the body you would find them.

Stratified:Skin linign of mouth, Simple: Lining of blood and lympnodes, columnar:Stomach and intestines, cuboidal:Thyroid glands, and pseudostratified: respitory tract

What are glands? What types of glands did we talk about? What are their characteristics/where are they found? (brief, ties in to later lectures too)

Glands are organs or tissues that produce and release substances like hormones, sweat, saliva, or milk to perform specific functions in the body.

What functions do different types of epithelial tissues have?

stratified epithelia provide physical protection, while simple epithelia are specialized for absorption and diffusion. Squamous diffusion and filtration , reducing friction, and protection

What is connective tissue?

Made of cells suspended in a extracellular matrix. Binds and connects organs

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs, while also performing functions like storing fat, moving nutrients, and repairing damage

What is the extracellular matrix? What is found there?

A network of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds and supports cells, providing structural and biochemical support for tissues. Protein fibers like collagen and elastin are found in it.

Know the 7 types of connective tissue we discussed, where in the body you would find them, and the information we covered such as types of cells, special characteristics of extracellular matrix, etc.

Collagen: Strong and resistant to stretch, supports skin and connections between muscle and bones.

Elastin: can be stretched and then recoils: found in tissues that stretch (lungs or arteries. Cartilage: provides structural support and is flexible and has chondrocytes.

Chondrocytes: cells that secrete the extracellular matrix.

Bone: Provides support and is hardened by calcium phosphate deposition in the matrix.

Adipose includes adipose cells that form and store lipids.

Blood: consists in a very liquid extracellular matrix, the blood plasma.

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues? How are they similar and different in terms of function, location and action? How are they controlled (voluntary or involuntary)?

Skeletal Is Voluntary and is responsible for locomotion and other body movements (breathing, shivering)                                                                                                                             

Cardiac is involuntary and makes up the heart and is responsible for the heartbeat and blood flow.                                                                                                                          

Smooth is involuntary and is involved in movement and generation of forces in internal organs (gut, blood vessels).

What types of cells are found in nervous tissue and what do they do?

Neurons (transmit & recieve electrical and chemical signals) and Glial cells (support and protect neurons)

Where can neurons be found?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and major organs

What is an organ? Know the examples of organs we discussed – how are tissues related to organs?

An organ is made up from other tissues and each have their own function for the body.

What is an organ system? Recognize the major organ systems in humans.

An organ system is when multiple organs help each other function for the body.

What is homeostasis? Why is homeostasis important?

Homeostasis is the balance of something. It’s important because homeostasis helps regulate everything.

Does homeostasis mean that everything is exactly the same all of the time?

No not always. Sometimes in order to heat up in the cold you need to shiver etc

How is homeostasis maintained?

Through a feedback system that includes 1. Receptors (detects stimulus) 2. Control center(compare stimulus to setpoint 3. Effector.          

What does it mean to say "dynamic equilibrium" in relation to homeostasis?

Dynamic equilibrium in relation to homeostasis means that the body is constantly trying to make adjustments for internal balance.          

Be able to describe how body temperature is maintained.

through a process called thermoregulation, primarily controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. When the body is too hot, it cools down through sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels); when it's too cold, it generates heat via shivering and vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels). 

What is an endotherm? An ectotherm? Be able to recognize examples of each.

An endotherm is an organism that generates its own internal body heat to maintain a stable, high body temperature, An ectotherm is an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

What is negative feedback?

A control mechanism that maintains a system's stability by reducing the output or response after it has deviated from a set point. Example when the body is cold and it shievrs to warm back up

What is positive feedback?

a process that amplifies a response by using the output to further stimulate the input, driving a system further from its initial state. An example is a woman giving childbirth and when the head of the baby is trying to come out the body helps the uterus push out the baby.

Be able to contrast conformers & regulators

Conformers - These organisms depend on their external environment to regulate their internal conditions. Regulators - These organisms can manage their internal environment to some extent, regardless of their external circumstances.