Biology Final Review 2022

cellulose

cell wall of a plant

chitin

cell wall of fungi

What is a plant?

Living organism typically grown in a permanent spot absorbing water and inorganic nutrients through its roots

What is the major function of stem in a plant?

Xylem- carry water Phloem- carry nutrients

Cuticle

Reduces water loss on leafs surface

Epidermis

Layer of dead skin cells

Mesophyll

Specialized for photosynthesis

Xylem

Transports water upward

Phloem

Transports nutrients downward

Guard Cells

Regulate the rate of respiration by opening and closing the stomata

Stomata

Gas exchange

What are the differences between the two types of angiosperms (monocots/dicots)?

Monocot- has one vein Dicot- has two veins

What all does a seed contain?

A plant embryo that contains enough food and nutrients to sustain itself until germination

What are the major functions of leaves?

Photosynthesis and gas exchange

What are the three tropisms and what causes them to occur?

Phototrophism- light

Thigmotropism- touch

Geotropism- gravity

What is the function of the petal in a plant ?

Attraction

What is the function of the carpe in a plant?

A female reproductive structure the produces eggs and protects developing plants

What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

Lymphatic system

Responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues. It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system. It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes in the bones.

Major structures: Lymph, nodes, spleen, and thymus.

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment. When you're hot you sweat, and when you're cold you get goosebumps and shiver.

Nervous system

An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.

Major structures: Brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body.

excretory system

the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance.

Major structures: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (eggs)

Major structures: Penis and vagina, testis, and ovaries

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Major structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, tranchea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

Osmosis

Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a lower concentration to a high concentration

Diffusion

Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Why does diffusion occur?

Molecules constantly move and collide with each other

Cell specialization

When cells are changed to work in a certain area of the body

3 organelles found in all plant cells but NOT animal cells

Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

What is irresponsible behavior in a lab?

Horseplay, drinking/eating, and not following instructions.

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

cell membrane

Regulates what enters and exits cell

cell wall

Organelle in plants that protects the cell

Golgi body

modifies and packages proteins and other material to be exported

Lysosomes

Tiny sacks filled with digestive agents

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of channels used for moving substances within the cell

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

central vacuole

Stores substances in plants

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

You typically should wear _____________ in a lab.

Closed-toed shoes, an apron, and safety goggles

You should only speak loud when you...

Hurt yourself/someone else or spill a volatile substance.

When in a lab ______________ your eyes, mouth, or face.

Avoid touching

Report an accident

Immediately

Point knives and other sharp objects

Down and away from you

In a lab...

The floor should be kept clear of backpacks and other objects

skeletal system

system that supports, protects the body, movement, blood cell production, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation.

Major structures: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints.

muscular system

works with the skeletal system to move our bodies

Major structures: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Major structures: Hypothalamus, pituitary gland(master gland), pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testicles.

integumentary system

Acts as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. Retains body fluid, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

Major structures: Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

circulatory system

the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body

Major structures: Heart, lungs, arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels.

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

monomer of lipids

fatty acids

function of proteins

essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy

function of nucleic acids

code for proteins and genetic material

function of lipids

store energy

Who is the father of evolution?

Charles Darwin

What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from

Galápagos Islands

What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?

Natural selection, survival of the fittest, adaptations

What was Darwin's work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?

On the origin of species, he waited a long time because he didn't want to shake up people's beliefs about religion vs science (23 years)

What does the term "survival of the fittest" mean?

the one who adapts to the environment is the most fit for survival

What does the term "natural selection" mean?

Only the most fit for the environment would reproduce and continue his genes

What people influenced Darwin?

Jean Baptiste, Alfred Russel, Charles Lyell, Herbert Spencer

What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?

The beaks of finches

What does the term "fitness" mean?

condition of being healthy and fit

vestigal structure

a structure that is no longer in use and lost it's original function in course of evolution

homologous structures

structures are different and have a different purpose, but they are similar and share common traits

analogous structures

structures that result of corvegent evolution

Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science

Father of taxonomy; system of classifying and naming organisms all around the world

What is binomial nomenclature

a two word naming system

What is the order of classification starting with Domain-\> Species

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Protist

Eukaryotic, usually unicellular, not Plants, Animals, or Fungi

What is Cancer

The cells continuing to go through the process of g1 and Sphase but never dividing

Common protists and disease they cause

Changes, sleeping sickness, malaria, giardiasis

Levels of organization

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganism?

Bacteria living in the vaginal canal

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Mphase

The process of the cell splitting into 2 cells

Steps of mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Heterotrophy

organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms