ch. 6 - the cell

What is the only exception of the rule all living things are made of cells?

viruses

Why are even very large organisms made of microscopically small cells?

compartmentalization/specialization of functions and surface/volume ratio

Compartmentalization/specialization of functions

different cells types are anatomically different and can perform different jobs

Surface/volume ratio

smaller objects have a larger surface to volume ration allowing easier transport

All living things are classified at multiple levels with which hierarchy traditionally?

Linnaean classification

What should the classification and naming systems try to reflect?

evolutionary history

How many domains and kingdoms is life traditionally divided into?

3 domains, 6 kingdoms

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the 4 kingdoms of the Eukarya domain?

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

What kind of cells do Bacteria and Archaea have?

prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

the smallest and simplest cells, have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

larger more complex type of cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

What kind of cells are found in Eukarya

eukaryotic cells

Cell membrane

proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer which separates the cell from the outside world

Which cell is the cell membrane found in?

Prokaryotic, Plantae, Animalia

What is the cell membrane’s function?

controls what enters and exists the cell

What are the two basic genetic apparatus?

DNA, RNA and ribosomes

DNA

serves as the genetic material and as the instructions describing the primary structure of the proteins

Which cell is DNA found in?

Prokaryotic, Plantae, Animalia

RNA and ribosomes

serve as the apparatus to build the proteins

Nucleus

large organelle containing the chromosomes (DNA)

Nuclear membrane

double membrane enclosing the nucleus

Which cell is the nuclear membrane found in?

Plantae, Animalia

Cytoplasm

the remainder of a Eukaryotic cell excluding the nucleus/all of a prokaryotic cell

Cytosol

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

internal framework made of various sized protein fibers

Which cell is the cytoskeleton found in?

Animalia

What are the 3 protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What is the ribosome’s function?

makes the proteins

Which cell is the ribosome found in?

Prokaryotic, Plantae, Animalia

What is the endoplasmic reticulum - rough’s function?

is ribosome studded, processes and transports molecules

Which cell is the endoplasmic reticulum - rough found in?

Plantae, Animalia

What is the endoplasmic reticulum - smooth’s function?

detoxification, makes some types of lipids

Which cell is the endoplasmic reticulum - smooth found in?

Plantae, Animalia

What is the golgi apparatus’s function?

receives items from the ER, has enzymes to modify and sort the materials it receives, determines where to send the molecules

Which cell is the golgi apparatus found in?

Plantae, Animalia

What is the lysosome’s function?

breaks down cellular waste and debris, recycling materials

Which cell are lysosomes found in?

Animalia

What is the large central vacuole’s function?

storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of macromolecules

Which cell is the large central vacuole found in?

Plantae

What is the mitochondria’s function?

where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

Which cell is the mitochondria found in?

Plantae, Animalia

What is the chloroplast’s function?

converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

Which cell is the chloroplast found in?

Plantae

What is the peroxisome’s function?

various specialized metabolic functions, produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water

Which cell is the peroxisome found in?

Plantae, Animalia

What is the centriole’s function?

important for cell division and formation of cilia and flagella

Which cell is the centriole found in?

Animalia

What is the cytoskeleton’s function?

reinforces the cell’s shape, functions in cell movement

What is the flagella’s function?

lash-like appendage that allows cell to move through liquid or propel substances along a surface

Which cell is the flagella found in?

Prokaryotic, Animalia

What is the cilia’s function?

hair-like structures on surface of cells for movement or sensory receptors

Which cell is the cilia found in?

Animalia

What is the cell wall’s function?

maintains the cell’s shape and protects it from mechanical damage

Which cell is the cell wall found in?

Prokaryotic, Plantae

What is the functional differences in cytoskeleton vs cell wall?

cytoskeleton is an internal network that provides structure and movement while cell wall is an external layer that provides support and protection