Androgens

What is the mechanism of testosterone?

Binds to androgen receptor and alters the rate of transcription

How much testosterone is produced in men daily?

~8mg

Of the 8mg of testosterone produced by men daily, 95% of it is produced by what?

Leydig cells

Of the 8mg of testosterone produced by men daily, 5% of it is produced by what?

Adrenal glands

65% of testosterone is bound to what?

Sex hormone-binding globulin

33% of testosterone is bound to what?

Albumin

2% of testosterone is what?

Free

Where does excretion of testosterone occur?

In the liver

What is the process of excretion of testosterone in the liver?

It’s inactivated and then conjugated

How is testosterone excreted?

In the urine

What are intermediates of the testosterone synthesis pathway called?

adrenal androgens

Where are adrenal androgens produced in significant amounts?

Adrenal glands

Testosterone stimulates and maintains what?

Sexual function

Testosterone stimulates what?

Erythrocyte production

What are the clinical uses of Testoserone?

Androgen replacement therapy in men, gynecologic disorders, protein anabolic agents, and andropause

When administiered orally, testosterone is readily___________ but __________largely

Absorbed, inactivated

What forms of synthetic androgens are more active orally?

17-alkyl forms

What forms of synthetic androgens have a prolonged absorption time and greater activity for intramuscular administration

Ester forms

What are anabolic steroids in sports used for?

Increase strength and aggressiveness

Large doses of anabolic steroids do what, which causes what?

Suppress the secretion of gonadotropins cause testicular atrophy

Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in women?

Hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea, clitoral enlargement, and deepening of voice

Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in men?

Acne, sleep apnea, boobs, azoospermia/testicular atrophy, and increased aggresiveness

5a-reductase inhibitors is an example of what?

antiandrogen

What do 5a-reductase inhibitors do?

Block the conversion of testosterone to 5a-dihydrotestosterone

Finasteride and Dutasteride are examples of what?

5a-reductase inhibitors

Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone are exmaples of what?

Steroidal Androgen Receptor Antagonists

Flutamine and Enzalutamide are examples of what?

Non-steroidal androgen receptor inhibitors