krls204 7. phys ed

base idea

• PE in Canada originated with drill

• Play, sport, and games were considered extracurricular.

• Early educators and education reformers stimulated PE in schools:

  • PE spread through curricula and broadened to other kinds of activities as PE professionalized.

early education system

• Canada’s first PE programs

  • YMCA, YWCA, universities, late 19C

  • Few PE school programs before 1900

• No widespread school system

  • Private education (mostly for wealthy boys who could afford to attend upper class college) vs. common schools (for “average” children)

  • many teachers were former soldiers or nuns

• Education was a provincial area of jurisdiction in Canada

  • British North America Act (1867) → decreed that education was the responsibility of the provincial government “jurisdiction = who has say over the law”

  • Various provinces determined PE

    • first 4: nova scotia, new brunswick, quebec, ontario

  • Ontario schools were an early adopter

Early Public Education: Dr. Egerton Ryerson and PE

• 1844 Superintendent, Ontario public schools

• “Protestant work ethic” applied to education

  • believed PE should be free and available for everyone

  • defineSwedish Gymnasticsd as hard work, regality and prosperity in christian faith and wanted it to be applied to education but he was also a believer in non-sectoral? education

• Use PE to discipline children with military drill, calisthenics, and gymnastics

  • marching in formation, simple movement with body / weights, flexibility practices. no sign of playing games or sport, but rather used to train and develop the body.

  • Started slow beginnings of school PE facilities

  • Hired Henry Goodwin, Canada’s first PE instructor

• Ryerson took a tour oversees to british schools (private boys [rugby]sschools) where he saw sports and games. e,phasis on games bieng aligned with christianity. went on to various countries in Europe where they had different institutions in europe. goes to scandinavia, denmark, germany, etc. seeing all the different forms of the same sport and being able to see how each area values sport ;/ how it is supported. phys ed should be just as essential as mental education too

Swedish Gymnastics

by Hendrick Ling

• Gymnastics system to develop the “whole person“ but they’re literally military stances and poses

toronto normal school

• Opened 1853 for teacher training in Ontario

• Demonstration “play sheds” & playing fields

• Considered progressive FOR ITS ERA

upper canada college toronto

• Est. 1829, Sports and games for elite boys

• rugby, football, soccer, hockey

• in BC boys were swimming, competing and sports nad games, creating cadet courses, singing in choir (religion) —> very little free itme

Residential and Industrial Schools

• “Annual sport day of the Battleford Indian Industrial School”

• Battleford, Saskatchewan, 1895

• Library and Archives Canada (LAC), MIKAN no. 3354528

Dr. Peter Bryce

• Chief Medical Officer, Indian Affairs

• 1907 Report deplored lack of proper health care, diet, hygiene, ventilation, exercises

• Many pupils admitted without medical screening were already infected with contagious diseases; schools had “prime conditions” to spread disease and led to high fatality outcomes; TB was especially rampant; called for actions.

• 7% sick and nearly 25% had died of 1,537 students attending or “discharged” among the 15 schools reporting

• His recommendations were ignored for 15 years.

• He was forced to retire from civil service in 1921.

• Published The Story of a National Crime (1922) to blow the whistle.

• Clear evidence the Government had a role creating and maintaining poor conditions that led to an enormous death toll.

• It took no action following the original 1907 Report.

kindergarten

• F.W. Frobel (d. 1852), Germany

• Frobelian child-centered education:

• Children learn by playing

• its essential for development of the mind !

  • “Kinder” + Garden = Kindergarten

  • Thus, a place to play and grow

• Educate whole child

  • Body, mind, spirit

  • by 1900 mandatory there was teacher training. manuals, training, etc.

strathcona trust 1909

• First national PE school program in Canada: organized in elementary and secondary schools

• Federal-Provincial Joint Venture:

• Ottawa’s Frederick Borden (Minister of Militia) + Lord Strathcona (Donald Smith, CPR millionaire, Canadian imperialist)

Competitive Sports/Games

• circa 1890s

  • men’s teams/leagues for hockey and football at McGill, Toronto, and Queen’s universities

  • women’s hockey at Queen’s team

• 1920-1930s PE classes and intramurals

  • Physical directors for men/women

  • Segregation of sexes was standard format

• 1906 Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU) established

  • by universities and colleges in Ontario and Quebec for Intercollegiate competition

PE: schools to university

• How did PE develop as a field of study?

• How did PE diplomas and university degrees emerge?

• What universities led PE in Canada?

Margaret Eaton School, 1908 (MES)

• MES was a women’s school until amalgamated into U of Toronto, leading to Canada’s first Bachelor of PE in 1941

• Motto “We strive for the good and the beautiful.”

• Principal Emma Scott Raff (1901-1925)

• Dance, drama, voice, and physical culture for women

• Aesthetic movement and deep breathing exercises for bodily freedom.

• Principal Mary Hamilton (1925- 1934) and camp director

• MES focus shifted to training in PE and sports for women

• Camp Tanamakoon in Algonquin Park training for outdoor recreation and camp counseling

• MES Graduates: worked as YWCA teachers and directors; summer camp leaders; settlement houses; PE work in high schools, colleges, and universities

McGill University, School of PE, Montreal

• Ethel Cartwright

  • director for women 1906-1927; English trained

  • promoted PE for women

  • PE diploma (2-3 years):

  • Classes in Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, First Aid, Sports Instruction

PE Opposition to the Strathcona Trust

• Drill vs. Play approach to movement education

  • “Physical jerks” vs. natural urge to play

• Opposed militarism in children’s education

Dr. Arthur Stanley Lamb

• Australian, an originator of PE in Canada

• Medical Doctor

  • First World War (1914-1918) overseas

  • Canadian Army Medical Corps

• McGill PE director 1912-1949

• AAUC president

  • Canada’s representative on international bodies

  • Canada’s Olympic team manager 1920s

• 1933 Canadian PE Association (CPEA)

  • president 1933-1937

  • Renamed with recreation as CAHPER 1947; and later with dance as CAHPERD

univeristy PE degrees

• During Second World War (1939-1944) a shortage of PE instructors emerged

• Catalyst for academic PE programs:

  • 1940 University of Toronto

  • 1945 McGill University

  • 1946 University of British Columbia

  • 1947 Queen’s University

  • 1947 Western Ontario

  • 1949 University of Alberta

• Professionalization of Physical Education