L1: INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

TRUE

T or F: Counselling skills may be said to differ from everyday, casual conversation in the following ways.

Active listening

Key counselling skill which involves the conscious discipline of setting aside one’s own preoccupation in order to concentrate as fully possible on what the other person is expressing.

Prejudices and Idiosyncrasies

Active listening involves high level of awareness of one’s ____ and ____.

1. Right ear

2. Left ear

3. Heart

3 Ears of Active Listening

Empathy

Putting oneself in another person’s shoes

TRUE

T or F: Ordinary conversation is not usually constrained by any agreements about confidentiality, counselling skills are usually backed up by either an implicit or explicit understanding about confidentiality.

Unnatural

Counseling skills may often feel as somewhat ___

Sympathy

Feeling for others

Ordinary conversation

Often thought to be “natural” and to have no particular rules governing it

TRUE

T or F: Counselling skills are generally associated with some sort of goal, be it helping with decision making offering an opportunity to discharge emotions, offering alternative interpretations or suggesting strategies for making desired changes.

1. Professional contexts

2. Voluntary work

3. Everyday social and domestic settings

Counselling skills may be used within:

1. Comfortable couches

2. One way mirror

3. Coffee Table

4. Vase

5. Tissue

Counselling room requires:

1 hour or 1 hour and 30 mins

Usual counselling lasts for:

Counseling

Is characterized by an Explicit agreement between a counsellor and a client to meet in a certain, private settings, at agreed times and under disciplined conditions of confidentiality, with ethical parameters, protected time and specified aims.

TRUE

T or F: Usually, the counsellor will have had a certain level of training belong to a professional body with published code of ethics and will receive confidential supervision for her or his counselling.

1. On-going mandatory personal therapy for all trainees

2. Exposing to subtle

3. Unconscious layers of conflicts

4. Defences

Psychotherapy involves lengthy training which usually includes:

40; 200

Psychotherapy undergo ___ hours supervised training or ___ hours local supervision

Counselling and Psychotherapy

Addresses the deep, unconscious, long-standing personality and behaviour problems and patterns of clients, rather than focusing on and superficially resolving only their presenting symptoms.

1. Depression

2. Anxiety

3. Stress

4. Bereavement

5. Relationship difficulties

6. Life crises and traumas

7. Addiction

8. Self-defeating behavior

9. Thwarted ambitions

Counselling is suitable form of help for a variety of personal problems or concerns:

Psychotherapy

is about radical, far reaching personality change which is likely to be much more robust than the symptomatic and temporary changes effected by counselling.

Psychopathology

Psychotherapy originally associated with medical profession, takes very seriously clients’ _____

“To counsel”

The term counseling does not stem from the verb ____ which has always meant to advise. Hindi nagbibigay ng sagot, ng solution, ng opinion. It is a process and requires personal and therapeutic relationship

1. Enhancing or restoring clients’ own self

2. Understanding

3. Decision making resources

4. Risk taking and personal growth

Although some counselling contain some advise-giving components, counselling is mostly dedicated to:

TRUE

T or F: Psychotherapy requires a substantial time commitment, sometimes demanding that patients attend several times a week for several years.

TRUE

T or F: It is important to state that such a brief summary risks depicting both psychotherapy and counseling.

1. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic

2. Cognitive Behavioral

3. Humanistic-Existential Trditions

4. Integrative and Eclectic

5. Constructivist Approach

PARADIGMS

Psychoanalysis

Creation of the physician Sigmund Freud at the end of the 19th century

TRUE

T or F: Get an overall sense of the field, some if its complexity, its historical and theoretical breadth

Key differences

Begin thinking about the ____ between approaches why they differ, how the differences are on interest and use, and how they are perhaps not so usual.

TRUE

T or F: Begin to consider what the main, common effective ingredients of the approaches may be;

TRUE

T or F: Ask yourselves, why they may be especially attracted to some approaches more than to others, and on what grounds.

TRUE

T or F: Many of Freud’s early adherents split from him for theoretical and personality reasons, and many psychoanalytic approaches have evolved from Freud’s in the recent decades.

Unconscious dimension of the mind

Terms of psychoanalytic, analytic, dynamic, psychodynamic may be said to share a stake in a belief in the existence and power of the ______, with its complex conflicts, symbolisms, and defence mechanisms

1. Importance of early childhood development

2. Unsconcious forces

Other focus of psychodynamic and psychoanalytic approaches

Adler

Birth order, faulty private logic; Disputed psychosexual development, Give importance of a holistic view, Incorporate the social and educational dimensions, Examined issues of power in families, particular in sibling relationships, Influential in the development of cognitive behavioural therapy

Private logic

Capacity to empower oneself to overcome inferiorities

Freud

Founding figure in the development of counselling and psychotherapy, Complex view of the unconscious systems made up by innate drives, Concepts of id, ego, super ego, defence mechanism, significance of dreams, slips of the tongue, and other.

Jung

Focused on life long process of individual, Influenced by mythology, anthropology, theology, astrology, alchemy ad others disciplines, Advocated collective unconscious and archetypes, Imbalances in masculinity and femininity.

Klein

Infant observation, inferences about long standing influence of early relationships (object relations)

Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

It is about eliminating or reducing distressing behaviour and Is not concerned with alleged causes of personality changes.

Restructure and modify

A key strategy to cognitive behavioral approaches is to ____ the unhelpful thoughts and beliefs

1. Acceptance and commitment therapy

2. Bahavior therapy

3. Cognitive Behavior Therapy

4. Hypnotherapy

5. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL APPROACHES

Negative Automatic Thoughts

“All-or-nothing” ; automatic. We have atleast 10 of this.

Acceptance and commitment therapy

Alter psychological context of a client’s internal experiences. Mindful approach rather than challenging unhelpful beliefs. Involves client’s repeating painful phrases or words until they become just sounds, not attached to distressing overwhelming memories.

Bahavior therapy

Behaviors can be learn, re-learn and unlearn by the use of reinforcements. Applicable to phobias, obsessive-compulsive problems and other well specified conditions.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Noting that we frequently appear to have automatic thoughts abut our circumstances and that we make many incorrect inferences. Helping clients to understand how their own cognitions after their moods and behaviour. Correct irrational thoughts

Hypnotherapy

Adaptable for use with other approaches such as CBT and REBT. Successful for pain control (dentistry) Habit disorder (smoking). Reduce pain.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Active-directive, here and-now cognitively affiliated therapy (based on thinking). We are not upset directly by events in our lives but the irrational beliefs we hold about ourselves ad about life. Overcome exam anxiety, low self esteem and others.

HUMANISTIC EXISTENTIAL APPROACHES

Emphasis is on the present and future than on the past. More on trusting feeling and their expression than on limited rational thinking. Hopeful at holistic potential than psychopathology

1. Existential therapy

2. Gestalt therapy

3. Person centred therapy

HUMANISTIC EXISTENTIAL APPROACHES

Existential therapy

Challenges the dichotomies of life: life and death, freedom, meaning, choice, and commitment. Clients to identify their own responsibility for life values and choices.

Gestalt therapy

Emphasis on non-verbal and bodily language, here and-now behavior and potential. Conscious responsibility for his/her own actions, decisions, thoughts, feelings, and awareness. Use of psychodrama. Unfinished business

Person centred therapy

Unconditioned positive regards, empathy, congruence were key to successful personal growth.

Eclecticism

Could be viewed as an “anything goes” approach to therapy whereby therapist might take a “pick-and-mix approach” to choosing which techniques to use with their clients.

1. Cognitive analytic therapy

2. Interpersonal psychotherapy

3. Life skills counselling

4. Multimodal therapy

INTEGRATIVE AND ECLECTIC APPROACHES

Cognitive analytic therapy

Integration of elements of psychoanalytic (object relations) therapy, personal construct and cognitive behaviour therapy. Short term treatment for eating disorders, borderline personality and suicidal attempts.

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Originally developed for treatment of depression. Helps the client to understand the nature of depression and to identify social and interpersonal factors such as relationships with significant others. Applied to wide range of mental health problems such as eating disorder and social anxiety. Adapted to delivery of telephone.

Life skills counselling

Psychoeducational approach that focuses on identifying and coaching people. Coaching people in refinement and maintenance of skills they need to overcome in everyday living. Most common problems areas of functioning are examples of intimate relationships and job seeking

Multimodal therapy

BASIC I.D Behaviour, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal and Drug/Biological and Lifestyle factors. Include assertiveness training, anxiety management, visualization and so on. Approach is more on cognitive behavioural. Use of 3 or more techniques involving the senses and body

CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACHES

Study and theory of knowledge which is centred on the active engagement of the person in construing their own reality. Focus on exploring the internal constructions of reality of the clients rather than reality. Uses storytelling as technique and attempt to avoid psychopathologizing clients.

Construct

Schema, content, mental template

1. Narrative therapy

2. Neuro-linguistic programming'

3. Personal construct counseling and psychotherapy

4. Solution-focused therapy

CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACHES

Narrative therapy

Uses story telling as important method people use to communicate and understand their experiences and their world. Used with individuals and couple, families and work.

Neuro-linguistic programming

Re-programming the minds by means of reframing, visualization and substituting constructive for self defeating beliefs and inner dialogue. Treatment for phobia.

Personal construct counseling and psychotherapy

Known as constructive alternatives. We usually construe our experiences in extreme polar opposites which we become stuck. “If am not brilliant, I must be stupid.”

Solution-focused therapy

Also known as brief therapy. Does not focus on putative cause of problems in the past but coping are sought to allow clients’ imagination enlisted using techniques that encourage them to visualize themselves producing solutions. Questioning own tendency to find solutions for themselves.

TRUE

T or F: Theories and techniques as well as by several similar professions, and that is continuously being developed, no individual can hope to ever “know it all", nor does anyone need to know it all or to feel demoralized by any relative ignorance.