SAD Quiz 2

What is idiopathic vestibular disease?

What is idiopathic vestibular disease?

Acute disorder that affects dogs and cats that causes loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia

When is idiopathic vestibular disease seen?

late spring, summer, early fall

How do we treat idiopathic vestibular disease?

supportive care and force feeding if needed, treatment is usually not recommended because it does not seem to change the course of disease

What is idiopathic epilepsy?

a syndrome characterized by repeated episodes of seizures

When does idiopathic epilepsy begin?

Around 1-3 years of age

How long do the seizures of idiopathic epilepsy last?

usually 1-2 minutes

What changes could the owner notice before and immediately after the seizure (idiopathic epilepsy)?

the animal is disoriented and is occasionally blind

How do we treat seizures from idiopathic epilepsy?

If there is a primary disease found it should be treated, if there is seizure activity more than once a month, treatment of Phenobarbital 2-3 times a day should be started

What is status epileptics?

continual seizures over a prolonged period which can lead to an irreversible coma or death

What are the components of immediate treatment for status epileptics?

Diazepam, phenobarbital, establish airway and start oxygen, place IV catheter and start fluids, bloodwork to check glucose, calcium, and other metabolic causes, monitor body temp, mannitol, prednisolone, sodium succinate can be given if cerebral edema is suspected

What drug is used for maintenance of epilepsy?

phenobarbital

What drug is used for emergency treatment of seizures?

diazepam

What are the two types of IVDD?

Type 1 and type 2

What is type 1 of IVDD?

acute rupture of the annulus fibrosis and extrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the spinal canal

What is type 2 of IVDD?

the extrusion occurs over a longer period of time, and produces less severe and gradual clinical signs

Which of the 2 types of IVDD is more common to see in younger dogs?

type 1

The severity of the injury caused by disk herniation depends on what?

the speed that the disk material herniates, the degree of compression, and the duration

Spinal cord trauma has a very sudden onset and it is related to what?

the velocity of the compression of the cord, degree of compression, and duration of the compressive force

What is Schiff-Sherrington?

this is when the animal displays rigid hypertonicity of the front legs and hypotonicity of the rear legs, has normal reflexes, and has pain perception usually L1-L7 if where the lesion would be

What is a panniculus reflex?

Used to help localize a spinal cord lesion which is elicited by pinching or pricking the skin of the trunk between T2 and L6-7

What is Wobbler's Syndrome? (Cervical Spondylomyelopathy)

a cervical spinal cord compression due to the caudal vertebral malformation or misarticulation

Who is Wobbler's Syndrome (Cervical Spondylomyelopathy) seen in and what age?

large breed dogs (Great Dane, doberman) 1 year of age in the Great Dane, and after 2 years in the doberman

What is alantoaxial subluxation?

trauma to the spinal cord due to the cranial portion of the axis being displaced into the spinal column

Who is alantoaxial subluxation seen in?

young toy and miniature breed dogs

When positioning the patient for radiographs for alantoaxial subluxation what position do we put them in?

Lateral view with the neck in slight ventriflexion - pulling the neck near sternum

What is Discospondylitis?

when bacteria or fungi affect the bones of the vetebral column

What causes Discospondylitis?

penetrating wounds, paravetebral abscess, infection, surgery on the vetebral column, or migration of grass awns

Conductive deafness is the result of what?

chronic otitis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, or damage to the middle eat

What are the causes of Acquired Laryngeal Paralysis?

lead poisoning, rabies, trauma, and inflammatory filtrated to the vagus nerve

The hereditary form of Laryngeal Paralysis is seen in dogs of what age?

4-6 months of age

The acquired form of Laryngeal Paralysis is seen in animals of what age?

1.5 to 13 years of age

The animal is at higher risk for what after surgical correction of Laryngeal Paralysis?

Aspiration pneumonia

What is megaesophagus?

there is a lack of effective peristalsis, which results in the dilation of the esophagus and regurgitation of undigested food

When is the congenital form of megaesophagus noticed?

at weaning time when the puppies are started on solid food

What are some diseases that are seen with the acquired form of megaesophagus?

metabolic neuromuscular disease, distemper, tick paralysis, lead poisoning, polymyositis

After doing a barium study, how long should the patient be held up to prevent aspiration pneumonia?

held in vertical position for 5-10 minutes

What does Tick Paralysis cause in the dog?

Flaccid, afebrile, ascending motor paralysis

What causes the paralysis from tick paralysis?

a neurotoxin from the female tick

How do we treat tick paralysis?

remove all ticks from the animal, tick product to kill hidden ticks (frontline) and supportive care

What is coonhound paralysis?

a disease that can affect an animal of any age or breed, usually seen in a dog that has been exposed to a raccoon, though to have an immunologic pathogenesis

When do clinical signs appear with coonhound paralysis?

within7-14 days after exposure to the raccoon

How long does coonhound paralysis last?

about 2-3 months

What animals are most often affected by Facial Nerve Paralysis?

in adult dogs and cats that are 5 years and older

Does complete recovery of facial nerve paralysis occur?

prognosis for complete recovery is guarded

What condition can develop in the eye of a facial paralysis patient?

May experience development of KCS

What is the difference in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

Hypothyroidism - under producing thyroid hormone, not enough thyroid hormones are produced to cause normal metabolic function in the body Hyperthyroidism - over producing thyroid hormone, produces too much thyroid hormone are produced which overstimulates metabolism

Clinical signs for hypothyroid patients?

Weight gain with no diet change, bilaterally symmetric alopecia, loss of hair on tail, lethargy, mental dullness, dry hair coat

Clinical signs for hyperthyroid patients?

Weight loss, vomiting, polyphagia, tachycardia, thyroid is palpable (enlarged), aggressive, can see increased BP and blindness detachment

Who is more commonly affected by hypothyroid?

dog

Who is more commonly affected by hyperthyroid?

cat

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine (Soloxine, Thyro-tabs; human approved-Levothroid, Synthroid)

What is the preferred treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Radioactive iodine-131 is the treatment of choice; this results in the destruction of the tissue; cats remain hospitalized until their wastes are below hazardous radiation levels

What is diabetes insipidus?

Imbalance in the control of holding on to or releasing water, something in their body is telling them they need to keep drinking water which causes large quantities of urine release due to the brain telling them they need to keep drinking water

This should be considered in patients with consistently low urine specific gravity of?

Hyposthenuria - < 1.008

What test helps with diagnosis?

Diagnosis of exclusion to rule out everything so we do a UA - Urine specific gravity, a water deprivation test can also be done only if the animal is not dehydrated and does not have renal disease.

What is the name of the drug that can be used to manage some animals with central diabetes insipidus?

Desmopressin acetate (a synthetic vasopressin/ADH)

What is diabetes mellitus?

Happens when beta cells stop producing insulin in adequate amounts or when the cells in the body become resistant to the insulin. (When glucose is too high in the body)

CAT/DOG most commonly gets Type I and CAT/DOG most commonly gets Type II

Dog - Type I will have insulin dependent diabetes (dogs) Cat - Type II will have non-insulin dependent diabetes (cats)

What is Ketoacidosis?

When the body produces high levels of ketones, which can cause depression, weakness, tachypnea, vomiting, odor of acetone on the breath

What are the classic signs of diabetes?

Polyurea, Polydipsia, Polyphagia

Who is insulin shock seen in?

Seen in animals who have fluctuations in their diet, are allowed to exercise excessively, or have been given too much insulin

How do we prevent insulin shock?

Feed the animal 1/3 of its total daily diet with insulin administration, maintain consistent feeding and medication schedule, avoid excessive exercise

What are some things an owner can have on hand if their animals are at risk for insulin shock?

Karo syrup, oral glucose solution paste or treats

What is an Insulinoma?

Tumors of the beta cells of the pancreas, they secrete insulin and are independent of negative feedback from the blood glucose level in the body and it will result in hypoglycemia

What are the components of Whipple's triad?

i. CNS clinical signs with hypoglycemia ii. Fasting BG (blood glucose) less than or equal to 40 mg/100ml iii. Glucose relieves CNS signs

What is the difference in Addison's disease and Cushing's disease?

--Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism) involves atrophy of the adrenal cortex which causes a decrease in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids --Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) is caused by the hypersecretion of cortisol, which may be caused by a pituitary lesion or an adrenal turmor.

What is the formal name for Addison's disease?

hypoadrenocorticism

What is the formal name for Cushing's disease?

hyperadrenocorticism

How do we test for Addison's disease?

Chemistry - increased BUN, creatinine, and calcium levels; evaluate for acidosis; check Na/K ratio (less than 27:1), Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test (ACTH) stim test - provides a definitive diagnosis

How do we test for Cushing's disease?

Chem - increased ALP, ALT, cholesterol level, blood glucose; decreased BUN, Urine cortisol/creatine ratio-increased; good for screening only, ACTH stimulation test - same for Addison's, High dose Dexamethasone suppression test to differentiate PDH from ADH - in healthy animals' dexamethasone will suppress the pituitary secretion of ACTH decreases cortisol concentrations within 2-3 hours and keep them suppressed for 8-12 hours.

With Addison's disease, what ratio are we concerned with?

Na/K ratio (less than 27:1)

With Cushing's disease, what ratio ae we concerned with?

Urine cortisol/creatinine ratio

Overmedication with __________ can lead to Cushing's.

corticosteroids

What is the hallmark sign of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

Hypercalcemia

After surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland, what can animals be predisposed to in the post-op period?

The animal may be predisposed to hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium)

What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia that is related to the parathyroid gland?

Is from the accidental removal of the glands during surgery to remove the thyroid gland

What is eclampsia?

It is low calcium levels in the blood. It occurs most commonly in the postpartum period, but it can be seen in late gestation, it can be caused by improper perinatal nutrition, heavy lactation, and inappropriate calcium supplementation

How do we correct it eclampsia?

Slow IV infusion of calcium gluconate solution, Diazepam IV to control seizures, oral supplementation of calcium should be started as soon as the clinical signs are under control and improve nutrition of the dam (feed a balanced diet).