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Haploid Gametes
Gametes that contain a single set of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
Diploid Zygote
A fertilized egg cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the production of haploid gametes.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles inherited from each parent.
Phenotype
The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, determined by genotype and environmental factors.
Dominant Allele
An allele that is expressed in the phenotype whether paired with the same allele or a different one.
Recessive Allele
An allele that only affects the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.
Codominance
A situation in genetics where both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is not intermediate.
Incomplete Dominance
A situation in genetics where the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.
Sex-linked traits
Traits that are associated with the sex chromosomes, specifically the X and Y chromosomes in humans.
Pedigree Chart
A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors.
Gene Pool
The total collection of genes in a population at any one time.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Variations at a single base pair in a DNA sequence among individuals.
Punnett Grid
A chart used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses.
Phenotypic Plasticity
The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.
Linkage
The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.
Chi-squared Test
A statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected and observed frequencies.
Polygenic Inheritance
A type of inheritance where multiple genes contribute to a single trait.
Continuous Variation
Variation that occurs within a range, such as height or skin color, rather than in distinct categories.
Box-and-whisker Plot
A standardized way of displaying the distribution of data based on a five-number summary.
Autosomal Genes
Genes located on non-sex chromosomes that follow standard Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Dihybrid Cross
A genetic cross that involves two traits, each controlled by different gene pairs.
P Generation
The parental generation in genetic crosses.
F1 Generation
The first generation of offspring produced from a genetic cross.
F2 Generation
The second generation of offspring produced from a genetic cross between two F1 individuals.