D 3.2

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25 Terms

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Haploid Gametes

Gametes that contain a single set of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

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Diploid Zygote

A fertilized egg cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the production of haploid gametes.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles inherited from each parent.

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Phenotype

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, determined by genotype and environmental factors.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that is expressed in the phenotype whether paired with the same allele or a different one.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that only affects the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.

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Codominance

A situation in genetics where both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is not intermediate.

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Incomplete Dominance

A situation in genetics where the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.

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Sex-linked traits

Traits that are associated with the sex chromosomes, specifically the X and Y chromosomes in humans.

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Pedigree Chart

A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors.

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Gene Pool

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Variations at a single base pair in a DNA sequence among individuals.

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Punnett Grid

A chart used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses.

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Phenotypic Plasticity

The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

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Linkage

The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

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Chi-squared Test

A statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected and observed frequencies.

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Polygenic Inheritance

A type of inheritance where multiple genes contribute to a single trait.

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Continuous Variation

Variation that occurs within a range, such as height or skin color, rather than in distinct categories.

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Box-and-whisker Plot

A standardized way of displaying the distribution of data based on a five-number summary.

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Autosomal Genes

Genes located on non-sex chromosomes that follow standard Mendelian inheritance patterns.

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Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross that involves two traits, each controlled by different gene pairs.

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P Generation

The parental generation in genetic crosses.

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F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring produced from a genetic cross.

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F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring produced from a genetic cross between two F1 individuals.