muscle test

frontalis

lifts the eyebrows/scalp

temporalis

assists in chewing(not the primary muscle)

masseter

powerful chewing muscle

orbicularis oculi

winking muscle

orbicularis oris

puckering the lips

zygomaticus

corners of the mouth; smiling

platysma

pulls the jaw downward

sternocleidomastoid

lateral rotation of the head (shaking your head "no)

triceps brachii

posterior side of the humerus. extends lower arm at the elbow

biceps brachii

anterior side of the humerus. flexes the lower arm. 2 heads

trapezius

stabilizes shoulder blades, head, and neck

deltoid

arm abduction

pectoralis major

flexes arm at the shoulder, helps with abduction and internal rotation of the arm

diaphragm

primary muscle for breathing. pulls down muscles as it contracts

latissimus dorsi

adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder joint

gluteus maximus

hip extension(pulling leg back)

sartorius

hip flexion/external leg rotation

adductor Magnus

adduction of hip

Gracilis

"groin muscle"-adduction of the leg

Iliopsoas

powerful hip flexor

piriformis

external rotation when extending, abducts the leg when hip is flexed

tensor faciae latae

hip abductor-keeps hip stabilized to maintain posture

gastrocnemius

plantar flexion

soleus

helps in plantar flexion, but more importantly stabilizes the ankle

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexion(pulls the toes up)

vastus lateralis

vastus intermedius

vastus medialis

rectus femoris

crosses both hip and knee joints

4

how many quad muscles are there?

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

rectus abdominis

fibers run vertically

transversus abdominis

fibers run horizontally

external obliques

internal obliques

agonist

primary mover

antagonist

oppositional muscle

tendons

what do muscles attach to?

epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

myofibril

tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal muscle fibers

myofilaments

actin and myosin

actin

thin filament

myosin

\#14-thick filament, pulls on actin

6

how many actin does myosin anchor itself to?

troponin

tropomyosin

covers actin binding sites

actin binding site

Letter E, calcium ions attach here

myosin head

\#13

muscular contraction

when a muscle receives electrical stimulus from the nervous system and myosin pulls on actin, causing a muscle to shorten

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored. Letter C

vesicle

holds neurotransmitters inside the axon terminal. Letter B.

ACH

contained inside vesicles, a type of neurotransmitter

synaptic gap

space in between the axon terminal and the motor end plate, where receptors receive ACH.

motor end plate

pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma. Letter E

sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane. Letter A

T tubules

Also called transverse tubules, these are deep invaginations of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. Letter H

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium. Letter F

calcium ions

Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules. stored in the SR and is transported to actin.

z-line

A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are attached in a striated muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres.

sarcomere

distance between two Z lines

ATP

required for myosin to function

depolarization

the "flipping" of a charge, from negative to positive.

action potential

waves of depolarization

energy systems

how energy/ATP is supplied to the muscles

1-3 seconds

amount of time ATP is already made

3-8 seconds

CP is made

CP

donates a "P" to leftover ADP's to form new ATP's

anaerobic

no oxygen required

aerobic

oxygen required

mitochondria

What organelle is responsible for producing ATP?

detach

Does ATP help the myosin head attach or detach to actin?

aerobic

Which energy system lasts the longest?

glycosis

Which energy system produces lactic acid as a by-product?

cellular respiration

What process does the mitochondria have to perform to make ATP?

motor unit

describes a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it comes in

isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length

skeletal muscle

striated and voluntary

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

concentric contraction

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

Hypertrophy

increase in muscle size

atrophy

decrease of muscle size

producing heat

one major function of muscular contractions

recruitment

describes how many fibers are used in a contraction.

fibromyalgia

chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue

Muscular

dystrophy

group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

Charley Horse

A sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles (cramp), often in the legs.

Hallervorden-

Spatz

affects the nerves that stimulate muscle fibers, resulting in frequent muscletwitching.

Multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech