Approaches

Taken from psych textbook

Biological approach

Explains behavior in terms of physical causes in our brains and bodies, including genes.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals produced by the brain, such as serotonin, that play a role in regulating moods.

Brain scans

Methods used by the biological approach to investigate behavior, showing the structure and functioning of the brain.

Nature vs

The biological approach emphasizes the role of nature (genes) in behavior, but acknowledges that aspects of the brain and body can be influenced by nurture (environment).

Behaviorist approach

Focuses on the influence of experience and learning on behavior, using association and reinforcement to shape behaviors.

Classical conditioning

Learning through association, such as when animals associate a specific noise with food.

Operant conditioning

Learning through reinforcement, where a small reward strengthens a behavior and makes it more likely to happen in the future.

Psychodynamic approach

Originates with Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in behavior.

Unconscious mind

The part of the mind that is normally closed off to us but has powerful effects on behavior.

Humanistic approach

Based on the concept of the self, self-concept, self-esteem, and the importance of making rational choices.

Cognitive approach

Focuses on thinking, feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations, and how they influence behavior.

Computer metaphor

The cognitive approach compares the workings of the mind to that of a computer, processing information.

Goals of psychology

Understanding, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior to enhance well-being.

Eclectic approach

Preferred by psychologists who use assumptions, explanations, and methods from multiple approaches.

Describing behavior

Observing and noting patterns of behavior to understand normal and abnormal behaviors.

Explaining behavior

Formulating theories and using the scientific method to understand the causes and reasons behind behavior.

Predicting behavior

Using knowledge of consistent behaviors under certain conditions to make hypotheses and predictions about future behavior.

Controlling behavior

Changing behavior through psychological interventions, aiming to promote adaptive behaviors and reduce maladaptive ones.

Nudge unit

A department that applies psychology to government policies, aiming to change behavior through small, achievable steps.

Behavioral control

Examples include using psychological research to encourage organ donation, prompt tax payment, and reduce food waste.