Domestic Animal Nutrition Exam 1

Animal Nutrition

The interrelated steps by which animals assimilate feed and use feed for growth, reproduction, lactation, tissue repair, and/or replacement, and maintenance

Prehension

process of seizing, grasping or otherwise getting food into the mouth

Mastication

chewing; first step in physical breakdown of complex foodstuffs

Digestion

physical and chemical breakdown of foodstuffs to its nutrients

Absorption

uptake of nutrients into the body

Metabolism

net processes of nutrient catabolism and anabolism

Excretion

process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

Catabolism

breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, resulting in
a release of energy; destructive metabolism

Anabolism

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, resulting in a
storage of energy; constructive metabolism

Nutrient

chemical element or compound
ESSENTIAL for supporting NORMAL development,
maintenance, growth and reproductive functions

Energy

What is not a nutrient?

Nutrient classes

Water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Physiology, biochemistry

Animal nutrition is…

Physiology

Biochemistry at animal level

Biochemistry

physiology at cellular level

Microbiology

microbiota in digestive tract

Animal Behavior

preference, intake

Animal Health

deficiencies, toxicities, nutritional disorders

Genetics

two-way interaction

Agronomy

production of feedstuffs

Mathematics

formulation, management, modeling of nutrient requirements

Management

production/procurement, storage, decisions about utilization

Computer Science

powerful modeling and formulation software

Quantitative Analysis

laboratory analyses of chemical composition, toxins, etc.

Food

edible material that provides nutrients

Feed

animal food

Feedstuff

any material made into or used as feed

Diet

mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

Ration

daily (24-hour) feed allowance for an individual animal

Concentrate

animal feeds rich in energy and/or protein but low in fiber (< 18% crude fiber)

Roughage

bulky and coarse feeds high in fiber (>18% crude fiber) but lower in energy

Carnivores

Eat only meat, rely on stomach/small intestine, little fermentation, host enzymes hydrolyze macromolecules

Omnivores

Eat only plants/animal sources

Herbivores

Eat only forage/fibers, fermentative digestion by microorganisms, spacious fermentation vat, microbial enzymes

Water

Most abundant nutrient, cannot live without

73%

Percent of body weight that is water in mature fat free animal

Funtions of water

Hydrolysis, oxidation, trasportation medium, temperature regulation, thermal conductivity, latent heat of vaporization, lubricant/cushion, digesta flow, secreation/excretion

Sources of water

Drinking water (major), free water in feed (moisture in food), metabolic water (produced in body by metabolism)

Absorption of water

absorbed through GI tract → small/large intestine

Water losses

Urine, feces, sweating, drooling, respiration

Kcal

Kilocalorie, equals 1,000 cal

Mcal

Megacalorie, eqauls 1,000 Kcal or 1,000,000 calories

CHO

Chemical composition of energy

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 Kcal (solar energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Respiration

Opposite of photosynthesis, produces energy from glucose

Cell wall

Structural carbohydrates = Fiber

Cell Contents

Non-Structural Carbohydrates = Sugars, Starches, Fructans

Sugars

Simple CHO

Starches, glucen, fiber

Complex CHO

Monosaccharide

1 sugar, simple sugars, non-structural carbohydrates, cannot be hydrolized into smaller units, can be absorbed across intestenal epithelium

Disaccharide

2 sugars, cellulose = _____, carb bonds = glycosidic bond

Oligosaccharide

3-10 sugars, fermentable, non-structural carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

More than 10 sugars, complex, main CHO in feedstuff → CHO storage in plants

3 Main Pentose (monosaccharide)

Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose

4 Main Hexose (monosaccharide)

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose

Disaccharides

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose, Cellulobiose, Maltose

Oligosaccharide

Raffinose, stachyose

Polysaccharides

Fructan, starch, glycogen, fibers, sugar alcohol

Fructan

Non-structural, storage form of energy in C3 plants. Inulin, graminan, levan.

Starch

Non-structural, storage form of energy in most plants, concentrated in seeds, tubers fruits

Glycogen

Storage form in CHO animals, supplies energy for activity, branched every 8-10 sugars

Fibers

Structural carbohydrates cell wall constituents, contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lingin

Cellulose

Most abundent CHO on Earth, highly insoluble and low digestibility

Sugar Alcohol

Less energy dense than normal carbs, comparable sweet taste to surocose but less energy and wond increase blood glucose

Lipids

1 of 3 sources of energy, major energy reserve → 2.25x more than carbs

Lipid composition

Hydrophobic, need organic solvent in order to solubilize in liquid

Simple lipids

Fats, oils, waxes, called fatty acids

Fats/oils

Fatty acids + glycogen

Waxes

Fatty acids + alcohols

Saturated Fatty Acids

Single bonds in a carbon chain, all carbons holding hydrogen, solid at room temp, primarily from animal sources

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Double bond(s) in a carbon chain, not all carbons hold hydrogen, lowers melting point, liquid at room temp

Trans Fatty Acid

Man-made or natural via hardening oils, increase shelf life, banned in 2018-19, increase risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer

Predominant fatty acids in animal feed

Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic

Essential

Body requires but cannot synthesize → must get from diet

Conditionally essential

Body can usually produce sufficent quanitites but in certain conditions may be inadequette

Deffieciences of FA (essential)

Lowers performance, increase “bad” cholesterol, decreases memory/mental activity, decreases immune function

Triacylglycerols

Constitues of fats/oils, composed of glycerol backbon attatched to 3 FA

Fat Depots

Subcutaneous, visceral, intermuscular, intramuscular

Subcutaneous

Under skin

Visceral

Around internal organs

Intermuscular

Between muscles

Intramuscular

Within muscles = marbling

White fat

Stores/release lipids, contain large fat droplets, abundant in adults

Brown fat

Sotres/burns lipids to help regulate body temp, smaller fat droplets/more mitochondria to burn fat, abudnant in newborns/hibernating animals

Complex Lipids

Phospholipids + glycolipids, glycerol backbone with FA + non-lipid substances

Derivid Lipids

Substances dervived from other lipids by hydrolysis, free fatty acids (FFA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), only found in blood + GI tract, indactor of fat mobilization, elevated with high-fat diet

Protein

Series of amino acids linked by peptide bonds → only macronutrient with nitrogen

Amino Acids

Building blocks of protein

Dipeptide

2 amino acids

Tripeptide

3 amino acids

Polypeptide

More than 3 amino acids

Functions of Protein

Structural, enzymes immune function, oxygen transport, hormones, neurotransmitters, energy

Structural

Muscle, bone, hooves, horns, hair, connective tissue

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions

Immune function

Antibodies

Oxygen Transport

Hemoglobin

Neurotransimitters

Serotonin, dopamine,glutamate

Energy

4 kcal/g = sam as CHO → extremely inefficient

Simple Protein

Made up of amino acids only (albumins, globulins, prolamins)

Conjugated Protein

Simple proteins with a non-protein unit