AM History and the World Chapter 14 Part 2 (copy)

Individual Rights:

powers or privileges a person is entitled to that cannot be infringed upon by the government.

Espionage:

spy on some other country, government, people, etc.

National Security:

providing safety for a country by defending it against invasion, espionage, sabotage or control by foreign powers.

Individual rights are _____ not _______.

Relative; Absolute

Criteria commonly used to determine the limits placed on individual rights:

1) National Security

2) Clear and Present Danger

3) Public Safety

4) Libel; Slander

Libel:

printing a false statement that harms one’s reputation.

Slander:

speaks a false statement that harms one’s reputation.

Pearl Harbor’s impact on Japanese Americans living in the United States:

Fear about national security (especially West Coast) (Americans fear further Japanese attacks or that the Japanese living in America would help the enemy (espionage; sabotage); American public→ widespread hysteria, panic.

Executive Order #9066:

empowered the U.S. Army to divide the West Coast into military zones from which all persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded; only bring items they could carry; lost personal liberties; most lost their homes property and businesses; 40 miles inward; FDR signed in February of 1942; 12,000→ 77,000 were American citizens.

Internment:

the forced relocation of a group of people; to intern means to confine, impound or seize and hold.

Internment Camps:

isolated, fenced, and guarded relocation centers; those who were relocated lost their personal liberties; most lost their homes, property, ad business; families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed; many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release; living quarters were military barracks-style; several families housed together; no privacy; barbed wire and armed guards surrounded the camps; cramped quarters and had few furnishings.

Korematsu vs. United States

1942; Supreme Court ruled that the internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country’s need for protection against espionage outweighed their individual rights; Fred Korematsu refused to go to the internment camps; was put in jail than on trial, then appealed to the court; Supreme Court voted 6-3.

1942

Korematsu vs. United States; Executive Order #9066

How many internment camps are there?

10 relocation sites.

States where internment camps were located:

1) Idaho

2) Utah

3) Wyoming

4) Arizona

5) California

6) Arkansas

7) Colorado

Tule Lake:

Biggest internment camp in California

How was this “grave injustice” against Japanese Americans rectified?

The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed; authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustice during WWII.

Civil Liberties Act of 1988:

acknowledged the injustice of internment and apologized on behalf.

Japan as was Germany facing:

limited space; the islands of Japan were growing crowded; wanted to expand her territory

1931

Japan took Manchuria (Province of China)

Manchuria:

Province of China

Japan wanted to expand territory / take Manchuria for:

1) greater wealth

2) more resources (oil)

3) living space

4) China would provide Japan with a buffer region to protect against the Soviet Union

5) wanted their own colonies like the British, the French, the Dutch, and America.

1937

the Japanese continued brutal aggression against China.

December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor; the Japanese intended to cripple the U.S. Naval fleet of ships in the harbor and then move quickly to expand in the Pacific while the U.S. was incapacitated; the Japanese military had excellent equipment such as fighter aircraft, ships, and torpedoes. The Allies were stunned by the rapid success of the Japanese military during the months after Pearl Harbor; an early advantage for Japan.

Four locations that were invaded on the same day as Pearl Harbor:

1) Wake Island (American-controlled)

2) Guam (American-controlled)

3) Hong Kong (British Island)

4) Malaya (British Colony)

Early Japanese Victories:

1) Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia)- rich soil

2) Borneo (British-controlled)

3)Burma (present-day Myanmar) (British-controlled)

4) British Colony of Singapore

In the Pacific, the Allies had to deal with:

1) sand

2) brutal heat

3) humidity

4) hunger

5) every sort of insects

6) different terrain (tropical rainforests; hellish volcanic wastelands)

7) blistering heat

8) drenching Monsoon rains

9) landscapes as rugged as any on earth

10) temperatures above 100 degrees

11) sharks, barracuda, sea snakes, hordes of flies, snakes, leeches, hookworms, and giant lizards

12) razor-sharp grass

General Douglas MacArthur

America’s most senior general; 60 years old; sent to take command of the vital U.S. bases in the Philippines in the summer of 1941; had small force of Americans and poorly trained Filipino soldiers; strong-willed; brilliant strategist; difficult personality; dyed hair black; often wore uniforms he designed himself; widely criticized in mid 1932- he sent regular troops to oust the Bonus Army of veterans; retired from the Army but was called back to active duty when Japan’s aggression began; “I shall return”; “Island-Hopping effort was led by him.

December 1941

Just hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, the attack on the Philippines began; U.S.’s 1st taste of “tropical warfare” (Jungle warfare) here.

MacArthur and his men retreated to

the island of Corregidor and the Bataan Peninsula.

Island of Corregidor and the Bataan Peninsula:

a swampy tract of land just 25 miles long and 20 miles wide.

Americans fought bravely in Corregidor and the Bataan Peninsula but were lacking:

1) food

2) water

3) medical supplies

March 1942

MacArthur was ordered to leave his men; U.S. surrendered the Philippines.

Henry Stimson

American Sec. of War; said “There are times when men have to die.”

MacArthur didn’t want to leave his men and promised:

“I shall return”

“Battling Bastards of Bataan”:

the soldiers fought on without him and held off the Japanese for a month eating almost everything on the peninsula including monkeys, horses, and iguanas.

Bataan Death March:

after the U.S. surrender, 76,000 exhausted prisoners were marched 60 miles for 5 days and 5 nights with no food or water. the Japanese forced the already starving and sick soldiers to march through the steaming forests of Bataan to prisoners of war

April 18, 1942

Doolittle’s Raid

Doolittle’s Raid:

revenge for Pearl Harbor; Americans wanted to strike at the heart of Japan; James Doolittle led an air raid and caught the Japanese by surprise; the first raids on the Japanese mainland; 16 American B 25 bombers (each with 5-men crews) took off from the aircraft, USS Hornet and raided Tokyo and several other Japanese cities; boosted American spirits; psychological blow to the Japanese; Japanese leaders were furious; happened in daylight; China helped U.S. even though they knew they would be tortured because of it.

James Doolittle

led the air raid on Japanese mainland (Doolittle’s raid)

Richard Cole:

James Doolittle’s co-pilot.

June 4-6, 1942:

Battle of Midway

Midway:

An American-held island that was an important supply point “midway” between Hawaii and Japan; used to refuel, rest, etc.

Japanese Plan for Battle of Midway:

to attack American-held Midway Island hoping to lure the American fleet into the area then ambush and destroy them; architect of the Japanese plan at Midway was Yamamoto.

Japanese Advantage for Battle of Midway:

the number of ships and carriers was larger than the Allies’.

American Advantage for Battle of Midway:

U.S. naval intelligence intercepted Japanese signals and broke their code; Americans learned of the plans for the Midway attack→ they knew the date and the direction of the attack; saves them.

U.S. Strategy for Battle of Midway:

on June 4, Japan attacked Midway Island from the air to prepare the island for a future landing by Japanese forces; U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz wanted to prevent a Japanese troop from landing at Midway and avoid contact with the larger Japanese naval fleet; American air defenses were waiting and managed to fight off the Japanese air raid; then, just as Japanese Japanese airplanes raced back to their carriers to refuel and rearm, U.S. planes struck at the most vulnerable time; Bombs turned the Japanese carriers into raging infernos.

U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz:

Admiral of entire American naval fleet; commander-in- Chief of the Pacific Fleet.

Infernos:

“ball of fire”.

Results of Battle of Midway:

U.S. sank 4 Japanese carriers and 200 airplanes; it was one of the most decisive victories in the Pacific; Japan lost its naval superiority; turning point in the war in the Pacific.

June 30, 1943

Allied Counter-Offensive and “Island-Hopping”.

Island-Hopping and Leapfrog:

MacArthur’s plan for the Allies was to Leapfrog from island to island moving nearer and nearer to the enemy (Japan); Each island that was taken served as a base for striking the next target; idea was to capture certain key islands, one after another until Japan came within range of American bombers; effort was led by Douglas MacArthur; we leap to Mariana islands we are close enough to start our bombing campaign.

Navajo Code Talkers:

400 Native Americans of the Navajo nation served in the Marines as code talkers; main job was to translate messages into coded versions of the Navajo language so the Japanese wouldn’t be able to crack the code; messages transmitted information about troop movements and enemy positions; their unbreakable code played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and bringing the war to an end.

October, 1944

Back to the Philippines; MacArthur waded ashore in the Philippines and fulfilled his promise of “I shall return.”

Battle of Leyte Gulf:

1st; action in the Philippines took place in Leyte Gulf; Japanese knew without control of Leyte Gulf, they could not hold the Philippines and without the Philippines, their supply line to the oilfields in the East Indies would be cut; largest naval battle ever fought; Allies were victorious.

Kamikaze:

“divine wind”; “whims of the gods; on the day of the mission, Japanese pilots were told they were already gods and were given white headbands like the samurai warriors of old; each were given a ceremonial toast to the emperor before heading off on their mission.

Kamikaze Attacks:

a desperate move on the part of the Japanese to hold the Philippines; there were suicide missions on aircraft crashing into enemy ships

B-25

Doolittle’s raid.

Iwo Jima:

“sulfur island”: a tiny volcanic island 750 miles south of Tokyo (5 miles long; 2 1/2 miles wide); no civilians/ no one lives there.

Feb.-March 1945

Iwo Jima

Allied goal in capturing Iwo Jima:

to provide a base to launch B-29s on the Japanese islands.

B-29 Bomber

called the super fortress; 100 feet long; 141 feet wing span; could fly long distances- 3,700 miles; made by Boeing; 1,000 B-29s were used to bomb Tokyo and were also used to drop the A-bombs; used in Iwo Jima battle.

What made Iwo Jima a primary target:

3 airstrips which the Japanese had been using for their Kamikaze attacks.

What made it easy for Japanese to pick off American troops without being exposed:

1) miles of tunnels

2) miles of caves

3) miles of concrete bunkers

Feb. 19, 1945 at 8:59 a.m.:

U.S. Marines charged the black beaches of Okinawa against opposing force of 27,000 Japanese.

March 26, 1945

American marines were able to secure Iwo Jima after 36 days of brutal combat.

Mount Suribachi

tallest point on the southern tip of the island was an extinct volcano.

Japanese mounted guns high on top of:

Mount Suribachi (volcano).

February 23, 1945

a group of marines made it to the top and raised the American flag as thousands watched and cheered below; raising of the flag became one of the most recognizable images of WWII; 3 of the 6 men who hoisted the flag died later in the fighting.

Joe Rosenthal

photographer who took the picture of the 6 men raising the American flag at Iwo Jima.

April-June 1945

82 Days in Okinawa

The goal for Okinawa was:

to gain Okinawa as a launching pad for the final invasion of Japan.

Okinawa battle (Iceburg):

Almost all captured U.S. troops were killed; American troops used flame throwers to “flush” defenders out of the island’s caves; 3-month battle; 34 allied ships were sunk, mostly by Kamikazes; hundreds of Japanese civilians jumped to their deaths from the island’s steep cliffs rather than become prisoners; when Americans managed to fight their way into the Japanese headquarters cave, they found that the 200 wounded soldiers and senior officers inside had killed themselves; Bloodiest battle in the Pacific.

Generals Ushijima and Sho

committed suicide on June 22, 1945.

April 12, 1945

FDR died.

April 30, 1945

Hitler committed suicide.

May 8, 1945

V-E Day

July, 1945

Potsdam Conference in Germany.

Potsdam Conference in Germany:

FDR died, so Truman was the new U.S. President to attend the conference; Churchill was voted out of office as Prime Minister during the conference, so the new P.M., Clement Atlee attended; Stalin was the only original member of the Big Three in attendance; the leaders met to carry out the work begun at the Yalta Conference; Allies agreed Germany would be divided into occupation zones; Stalin showed no sign of allowing free elections in Eastern Europe and a communist government was being set up in Poland; was a growing concern that communism and Soviet influence might spread; during the conference, Truman got word of America’s completion of developing the A-Bomb, and he would have to make a decision whether to use it; we sent Potsdam declaration with terms for surrender to Japan; we told them about the bomb without telling them about the bomb; one condition fir Japanese surrender was that their Empire would be safe (Not hurt, not put on trial); Hitler gone, but Stalin will become the next bad guy.

Manhattan Project:

Top-secret American program to build an Atomic Bomb; laboratories were located in Los Alamos, New Mexico- so secretive it had no address; the project was under the U.S. Corps of Engineers led by Lesley Groves; Scientific research was directed by physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer; after the atomic bomb was dropped, he said “I am become death, the shatterer of worlds.”

1939

The Manhattan Project began

Leslie Groves

Commander of the top-secret Manhattan Project; Major General; led U.S. Corps of Engineers; argued all along that at least two atom bombs would be necessary to insure Japan’s surrender- the first to demonstrate the awful destructive power of a nuclear weapon and the second to convince the Japanese military that there were more where that came from.

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

physicist who directed scientific research.

Truman:

the new U.S. President after FDR died.

Clement Atlee:

elected Prime Minster of Britain after Churchill was voted out of office.

Truman had 2 Choices:

1) Operation Downfall: American troops would go forward and land in Japan (1 unit on southernmost island; follow that with another unit on the main island).

2) dropping atomic bombs.

August 6, 1945

“Little Boy” (uranium bomb)

“Little Boy”

Uranium bomb; lifted off from Tinian Island in a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay; Pilot was Col. Paul Tibbets; the target was the city of Hiroshima on the main island of Honshu; dropped at 8:15 a.m.

Paul Tibbets

U.S. military’s best bomber pilot; pilot who flew Enola Gay and dropped “Little Boy“.

Hiroshima

important military center with a population of 300,000.

August 9, 1945

“Fat Man” (plutonium bomb)

“Fat Man”:

plutonium bomb; lifted off from Tinian in a B-29 named Bock’s Car; Pilot was Charles Sweeney; dropped at 11:02 a.m. on Nagasaki.

Nagasaki

Main island of Kyushu

Charles Sweeney

flew Bock’s Car and dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki.

Impact of dropping the Atomic bomb:

1) Brought the beginning of the Nuclear Age.

2) Introduced a new weapon that would forever change the nature of war.

3) Altered the balance of power as the U.S. gained the status of “superpower”.

September 2, 1945

V-J Day; Victory in Japan Day

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day; Japan surrendered aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Where were Japanese War Crimes trials held?

Tokyo

Hideki Tojo

executed in 1948

Emperor Hirohito

told the country that Japan is surrendering; his life was spared and was still in power.