World History Chapters 14 & 15

simony

practice in which bishops sold positions in the Church

Gothic

new style of architecture that evolved throughout medieval Europe

Pope Urban II

issued a call for a Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land

Crusade

“holy war”

Saladin

Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader that took over Jerusalem after the Second Crusade

Richard the Lionhearted

English king that solo’d the Third Crusade

Reconquista

a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain

the Inquisition

a court held by the Church to suppress heresy

three-field system

two fields were planted and the other lay fallow for a new year

guild

organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the same business or occupation of its members

Commercial Revolution

expansion of trade and business throughout Europe

burghers

merchant class town dwellers

vernacular

everyday language of their homeland

Thomas Aquinas

this scholar argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument

scholastics

scholars who met at the great universities

Henry II

English king that added to England’s land holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France

common law

unified body of law formed by the ruling of England’s royal judges

Magna Carta

guaranteed certain political rights for noblemen

parliament

legislative group composed of two burgesses and two knights from every county

Hugh Capet

undistinguished duke that succeeded the Carolingian family

Philip II

powerful Capetian who watching his father lose land to King Henry II of England, so committed himself to weakening their power when he was older

Estates-General

whole meeting of the Church leaders, great lords, and commoners that Philip invited to participate in the same council

Avignon

moved the papacy from Rome to here

Great Schism

split in the Church due to the French Pope living in Avignon and the Italian pope in Rome

John Wycliffe

Englishman that preached that Jesus Christ was the true head of Church, not the pope

Jan Hus

Bohemian professor that taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope

Hundred Years’ War

war between England and France over the throne after the death of the last Capetian king

Joan of Arc

teenage French peasant girl that felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors

lineage

descendants of a common ancestor

stateless societies

did not have a centralized system of power, instead ruled by lineage groups

patrilineal

tracing ancestors and inheritance from father to son

matrilineal

trace ancestors through their mothers

Maghrib

Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

Almoravids

strict religious brotherhood founded by Ibn Yasin

Almohads

group of Berber Muslim reformers that seized power from the Almoravids

Ghana

kingdom that grew rich by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory

Ibn Battuta

traveler and historian that traveled for 27 years

Songhai

this empire built up an army and extended their territory to the large bend in the Niger River near Gao

Hausa

group of people named after the language they spoke, emerged in the savanna east of Mali and Songhai in modern Nigeria

Yoruba

group that belonged to the forests and southern edge of the savanna in what is today Benin and southwestern Nigeria

Benin

made their homes in the forest like the Yoruba; ruler’s right to rule was based on descent from the first king of Ife

Swahili

blend of the Arabic and Bantu languages due to increased interaction and trade

Great Zimbabwe

city established by the Shona people which grew into an empire built on gold

Mutapa Empire

originated from a title of respect for the ruler, empire that conquered all of Zimbabwe

Sundiata

the first great leader of Mali