AP PSYCH UNIT 3 FLASHCARDS

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183 Terms

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Developmental Psychology

The study of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes across the lifespan.

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Chronological Order

Studying development in sequence based on life stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood).

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Thematic Issues

Studying development based on recurring themes rather than specific age stages.

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Stability and Change

Examining which traits remain constant and which change over time.

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Nature vs. Nurture

Debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has a greater influence on development.

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Continuous Development

The idea that development is a gradual, cumuluative process.

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Discontinuous Development

The idea that development occurs in distinct stages or steps.

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Longitudinal Study

A research method that follows the same individuals over a long period to observe changes over time.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A research method that compares different age groups at a single point in time.

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Cohort

A group of Individuals who share common characteristics, typically based on birth year or generation.

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Cohort Effect

Differences in research findings due to generational experiences rather than age differences.

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Attrition

The loss of participants over time in a longitudinal study.

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Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study

A longitudinal study tracking personality stability and change over time.

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Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A longitudinal study showing the influence of genetics by studying identical twins raised separately.

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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A theory emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in continuous development.

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages

A theory outlining psychological and social development across eight stages of life.

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Prenatal Development

The process of development that occurs from conception to birth.

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Teratogens

Substances (ex: alcohol, tobacco, drugs, environmental toxins) that can cause birth defects or developmental issues in a fetus.

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Maternal Illness

Diseases or infections that the mother experiences during pregnancy, which can negatively affect fetal development.

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Genetic Mutations

Alterations in DNA that can lead to genetic disorders; can be inherited or occur spontaneously.

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Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

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Turner Syndrome

A condition that occurs when a female is missing for has an incomplete X chromosome, leading to developmental and physical issues.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers that regular bodily functions and behaviors, including aspects of fetal development, brain growth, and emotional regulation.

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Environmental Factors

External elements like pollution, radiation, or maternal stress that can influence prenatal development.

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Infant Reflexes

Involuntary, instinctual movements seen in newborns that aid in survival, often tested to assess neurological development.

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Palmar Grasp

A reflex where an infant grasps a finger placed in their palm, indicating neurological health.

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Plantar Grasp

A reflex where an infant curls their toes when a finger is placed under their foot.

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Babinski Reflex

A reflex where the baby’s big toe moves upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked.

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Rooting Reflex

A reflex in which an infant turns their head toward a touch near their mouth, preparing to feed.

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Gross Motor Skills

Larger movements of the body, such as crawling and walking, that allow a childhood to navigate their environment.

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Fine Motor Skills

Smaller, more precise movements, such as holding a spoon or drawing.

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Visual Cliff Experiment

A study used to assess depth perception in infants by creating the illusion of a drop-off on a glass surface.

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Critical Period

A specific window of time when a particular skill or behavior must be developed for proper development; missing this window can significantly hinder future development.

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Sensitive Period

A period when the brain is particularly receptive to learning certain skills, but it is possible to acquire these skills later with more difficulty.

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Puberty

The stage in adolescence when an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Features directly related to reproduction, such as the movement of reproductive organs and the ability to menstruate or ejaculate.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Traits not directly related to reproduction but related to sexual maturity, such as body hair and changes in voice or body structure.

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Adolescent Growth Spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight during puberty as a result of hormonal changes.

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Menopause

The cessation of menstruation and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability, typically ocurring in middle adulthood.

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Testosterone Decline

The gradual decrease in testosterone levels in men as they age, affecting muscle mass and energy levels.

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Sex

The biological differences between males and females, including primary and secondary sex characteristics.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Traits directly related to reproduction, such as genitalia.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Traits indirectly related to reproduction, such as broader shoulders in men and less facial hair in women.

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Gender

The social, physical, and behavioral traits that a society considers appropriate for men or women, which are learned and influenced by cultural norms.

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Gender Schema Theory

The theory that children create mental categories for masculinity and femininity, helping them understand their gender roles and gravitate towards gender-typical activities.

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Stereotypes

Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group of people, often based on gender or other characteristics.

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Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors appropriate to their society.

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Family Influence

The role of family in establishing gender roles at an early age, often through indirect lessons and observations (ex: chores, rewards, punishments).

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Peer Group Influence

The impact of peers and classmates on the development of gender roles, including how boys and girls are treated differently in school environments.

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Media Influence

The role of various forms of media, including traditional print, television, and social media, in shaping perceptions of gender roles and self-image.

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Sexual Orientation

An individual’s sexual attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes.

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Homosexual

A person who is attracted to members of the same sex.

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Heterosexual

A person who is attracted to members of the opposite sex.

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Bisexual

A person who is attracted to both sexes.

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Asexual

A person who is not attracted to either sex.

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Psychological View of Sexual Orientation

The understanding that sexual orientation is not a choice and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

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Cognitive Development

The process of how thinking, problem-solving, and learning change over time.

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Schema

A mental framework used to organize and interpret information.

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Assimilation

Incorporating new information into an existing schemas without changing it.

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Accomodation

Modifying a schema when new information does not fit.

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Sensorimotor Stage

(PTCD 1: birth-2 years) Learning occurs through sensory experiences and physical actions. Major milestone: Object permanence.

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Preoperational Stage

(PTCD 2: 2-7 years) Development of symbolic thinking and pretend play. Thinking is still egocentric, meaning children struggle to see perspective outside their own.

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Concrete Operational Stage

(PTCD 3: 7-11 years) Thinking becomes more logical and organized. Children understand conservation and reversibility.

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Formal Operational Stage

(PTCD 4: 11+ years) Individuals develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and logic. Not everyone fully reaches this stage.

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Object Permanence

(PTCD 1) Understanding that object exist even when they are out of sight.

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Symbolic Thinking

(PTCD 2) The ability to represent objects and experiences with words or images.

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Egocentrism

(PTCD 2) Difficulty seeing the world from another person’s perspective.

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Animism

(PTCD 2) Belief that non-living objects have human-like characteristics (thoughts, feelings).

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Conservation

(PTCD 2/3) Understanding that quantity remains the same even if shape or appearance changes.

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Reversibility

(PTCD 2/3) Ability to mentally reverse an action (ex: understanding subtraction is the opposite of addition).

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Classification

(PTCD 3) The ability to group objects based on common characteristics.

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Seriation

(PTCD 3) The ability to arrange items in an ordered sequences (ex: smallest to largest).

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Deductive Reasoning / Logic

(PTCD 4) Applying general principles to specific situations.

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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

Vygotsky emphasized that social interaction and environment play key roles in cognitive development.

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Zone of Proximal Development

The range between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance. (outside to middle: learner can’t do w/guidance —> learner can do w/guidance —> learner can do w/o guidance)

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Scaffolding

Proving structured support to help a learner master a concept, gradually reducing assistance over time.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills acquired over time, which generally remain stable or improve withe age.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think quickly, solve problems, and adapt to new situations, which declines with age.

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Dementia

A broad term for cognitive disorders that impair memory, reasoning, and thinking abilities.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

A degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia.

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Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language (ex: “b” in bat).

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Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language (ex: dog, -ed in walked).

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Semantics

The study of meaning in language, including words and sentences.

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Grammar

The set of rules that govern how words are used in a language.

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Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences.

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Generativity

The ability of language to create an infinite number of sentences.

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Surface Structure

The literal meaning of a sentence.

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Deep Structure

The underlying meaning of a sentence.

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Critical Period (language)

A specific time in development when language learning is most effective.

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Nonverbal Communication

Communicating without words, using gestures, facial expressions, etc.

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Overgeneralization

The application of grammar rules too broadly (ex: mouses instead of mice).

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Cooing Stage

(Language Development Stage (LDS) 1; 2-3 months) The stage where infants make repetitive vowel sounds (ex: ooh, ah).

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Babbling Stage

(LDS 2; 4-6 months) The stage where infants begin combining consonants and vowels (ex: baba, gaga).

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One-Word Stage

(LDS 3; 12-18 months) The stage where children start using single words to express full ideas (ex: milk for I want milk).

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Two-Word Stage / Telegraphic Speech

(LDS 4; 18-24 months) The stage where children combine two to three words into simple phrases (ex: want cookie).

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Holophrase

A single word used to express an entire idea (ex: ball could mean I want the ball or I see a ball).

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Social-Emotional Development

Involves recognizing and regulating emotions, building relationships, and managing conflict.

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Ecological Systems Theory

Explores how different environments influence individual development.

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Microsystem

Direct interactions with family, friends, classmates, and others that affect an individual’s attitudes and behavior.

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Mesosystem

The connections between different microsystems, such as parent-friend relationships.