Energy and Feed Components in Animal Nutrition- P2

Energy

The capacity to do work, not a nutrient but is contained within nutrients.

Chemical energy

Converted into biological energy after digestion and metabolism.

Gross Energy

Energy present in the feed / fodder.

Gross energy

Highest energy in the feed.

Gross energy

Loss during digestion process.

Gross energy

Determined by bomb calorimeter under laboratory condition.

Digestible energy

Amount of energy left after deducting from the GE the indigestible feed components voided out through the feces.

Metabolizable energy

Energy available after the Urinary energy and Gaseous energy is deducted from the Digestible energy.

Net energy

Energy available after all possible losses are deducted from the potential energy of a feed material including heat increment.

Gross energy

Total energy content of feed, including all chemical energy.

Digestible energy

Energy available after digestion, excluding energy lost in feces.

Metabolizable energy

Energy available after accounting for losses in urine and gases.

Net energy

Energy used for maintenance and production.

Net energy

Most accurate measure of usable energy.

Basal metabolism

Energy required for basic body functions.

Heat increment

Additional heat produced during digestion, absorption, and metabolism.

Fat and carbohydrate utilization

More efficient than using protein for both maintenance and production.

Barley

Whole grain that is spindle-shaped in five angles.

Barley

Light gray to tannish gray in color.

Barley

Fresh and must be free from mustiness.

Corn

Tooth-shaped kernel composed of bran, coat, endosperm, and embryo of germ.

Corn

White, yellow or in variety.

Corn

Sweet odor, free from mustiness, and free from infestation.

Oats

Seeds that are usually rolled or flaked to enhance digestibility.

Oats

Free from infestation.

Rice Middlings

Broken rice; small fragments of rice kernels with traces of awn.

Rice Middlings

White or brown in color.

Rice Paddy or Palaw

Composed of lemma and palea which have crosshatched markings on the surface.

Rice Paddy or Palaw

Slightly yellow to brown in color.

Sorghum

More or less rounded and bluntly pointed, with black scar marking.

Sorghum

Color varies from white, light brown to dark or reddish brown.

Wheat

Whole grain of wheat is oval and blunt at the tip with tuft hairs.

Soft wheat

Tan to light brown color.

Hard wheat

Brown to reddish brown color.

Cassava residue meal / pellet

By-products of starch production.

Dried spent brewer's grain

By-product from the brewing process of barley and other grains.

Dried spent brewer's grain

Light to dark brown in color.

Dried spent brewer's grain

Dried fermented grain smell.

Copra cake / meal

By-product after extraction of oil from copra.

Copra cake / meal

Light brown to brown in color.

Copra cake / meal

Nut-like and pleasant smell.

Copra cake / meal

Resembles roasted coconut.

Copra cake / meal

Unpalatable.

Corn bran

Outer covering of corn kernel.

Corn bran

Off-white to light yellow.

Corn bran

Fresh and free from musty odor.

Corn bran

Free from infestation.

Corn germ meal

By product after oil extraction from corn germ.

Corn germ meal

Golden yellow to brown color.

Corn germ meal

Fresh and nutty smell.

Corn germ meal

Free from infestations.

Sugarcane molasses

By product in the manufacture of cane sugar.

Sugarcane molasses

Dark brown in color.

Sugarcane molasses

Typical sugar aroma.

Cassava meal / Chips: Peeled

Peeling, chopping, drying and grinding of cassava tubers.

Cassava meal / chips: Peeled

Off-white in color.

Cassava Meal / Chips: Peeled

Sweet and free from mustiness in odor.

Cane sugar

Unrefined cane sugar.

Cane sugar

Brown to golden brown in color.

Cane sugar

Fresh and sweet smell.

Cane sugar

Not musty or sour.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins that are essential for animal growth, maintenance, reproduction, and production.

Peptides & free amino acids

Smaller units of broken down proteins.

Bloodstream

Site where smaller components of proteins get absorbed in.

HCl

Denatures proteins in nonruminant stomachs.

Proteases

Enzyme that breaks down proteins.

Small intestine

Site where protein digestion continues and peptides are hydrolyzed.

Rumen

Site where protein is degraded in ruminant stomach.

Ammonia and free amino acids

Smaller units from proteins degraded in ruminant stomachs

Abomasum and small intestine

Site where escaped proteins get digested

Essential amino acids

Proteins that must be provided in the diet as they can't be synthesized in adequate amounts

Non-essential amino acids

Proteins that can be synthesized by the animal but may still need dietary supplementation

Egg Powder

Pasteurized, spray dried whole egg solids

Egg powder

Cream to light brown in color

Egg powder

Characteristic egg odor

Fish meal

Dried, ground tissues of undercomposed fish or fish cuttings

Fish meal

Light tan or light brown to reddish brown in color

Fish meal

Odor of cooked / dried fish but should not be rancid

Meat and bone meal

Finely ground, dry rendered tissues and bone

Meat and bone meal

Animal carcass trimmings, condemned livers, inedible offal and bones

Meat and bone meal

Grayish brown

Meat and bone meal

Fresh and meaty but not burnt smell

Pork / porcine meal

Pork / porcine by-products cleaned, ground, and rendered

Poultry by-product meal

Dried,, ground tissues of undercomposed necks, heads, fats, carcass, and traces of feathers

Poultry by-product meal

Tan or light brown to reddish brown in color

Poultry by-product meal

Free from foul odor

Leucaena / Ipil-ipil meal

Dried ground Leucaena leaves with minimum amount of stems

Leucaena / Ipil-ipil meal

Greenish brown

Leucaena / Ipil-ipil leaf meal

Fresh and free from musty odors

Soybean meal

Extraction from soybean seeds

Soybean meal

Bright yellow to yellowish brown

Soybean meal

Fresh, sweet and nutty smell

Cowpea

Product obtained from drying cowpea seeds

Cowpea

Other name for cowpea

Green peas

Dried peas intended for animal feed

Mungbean

Dried mungbean seed

Urea

Opaque, round or crystal granules containing high amount of nitrogen

Urea

White in color; no characteristic odor

Non-conventional feeds

Used when there is a growing livestock and human population, with a decrease in cultivable land

Non-conventional feeds

Feeds not traditionally used for livestock but gaining importance due to feed shortages