TOP Chapter 2: Assessment in Freud’s Theory: Freudian Assessment Techniques, Scientific Testing of Freudian Concepts & Oedipus Complex: Oral and Anal Personality Types

C. Free Association

What technique involves the patient saying whatever comes to mind, akin to daydreaming out loud?
A. Dream Analysis
B. Catharsis
C. Free Association
D. Repression

A. Josef Breuer

Which physician significantly contributed to the development of free association in Freud's theory?
A. Josef Breuer
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Anna Freud
D. Carl Jung

C. Latent Content

What is the hidden symbolic meaning of a dream, according to Freud's theory?
A. Manifest Content
B. Subconscious Imagery
C. Latent Content
D. Dream Symbols

C. Small and unrepresentative sample

What is a major criticism of Freud's case studies?
A. Lack of data preservation
B. Overreliance on hypnosis
C. Small and unrepresentative sample
D. Incomplete dream analysis

D. Id

Which of the following concepts from Freudian theory could not be tested by the experimental method?
A. Ego resiliency
B. Libido
C. Subliminal perception
D. Id

B. Complex information processing

Recent findings suggest that the unconscious is capable of what?
A. Daydreaming
B. Complex information processing
C. Simple memory storage
D. Hypnosis

C. Subliminal Perception

What term describes presenting stimuli to individuals below their level of conscious awareness?
A. Subconscious Awareness
B. Conscious Perception
C. Subliminal Perception
D. Suppressed Cognition

B. Ego control and ego resiliency

What do Freudian researchers identify as two components of the ego?
A. Id and superego
B. Ego control and ego resiliency
C. Oedipus complex and Electra complex
D. Ego and unconscious

C. Aggressive

Children low in ego control are rated by their teachers as being more:
A. Compliant
B. Calm
C. Aggressive
D. Assertive

A. Expressing emotions through physical means

What does catharsis, as defined by Freud, involve?
A. Expressing emotions through physical means
B. Dream analysis
C. Repression of painful memories
D. Subliminal perception

B. Displacement

What defense mechanism involves shifting one's impulses from a disturbing object to a substitute?
A. Catharsis
B. Displacement
C. Projection
D. Repression

D. People from higher social classes

According to Freud, who is more likely to use projection?
A. People from lower-class families
B. Unemployed job seekers
C. Women
D. People from higher social classes

A. Denial and projection

What hierarchy of defense mechanisms decreases with age?
A. Denial and projection
B. Displacement and repression
C. Identification
D. Ego control

C. Women

Who typically recalls their dreams more frequently, according to studies in the United States and Germany?
A. Men
B. Children
C. Women
D. Adolescents

C. Personality is formed by about the age of 5 and remains largely unchanged.

What did Freud propose about the formation of personality?
A. Personality is formed by the age of 18.
B. Personality is formed during adolescence.
C. Personality is formed by about the age of 5 and remains largely unchanged.
D. Personality continues to develop throughout life.

B. A reflection of unconscious motives or anxieties

According to Freud, what does the Freudian slip reveal?
A. A casual lapse in speech
B. A reflection of unconscious motives or anxieties
C. A conscious desire to deceive
D. A sign of linguistic incompetence

A. Those with recovered memories

In a study on repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse, who scored higher on measures of fantasy proneness and dissociation?
A. Those with recovered memories
B. Those who never forgot the experiences
C. Those with repressed memories
D. Men

C. Anna Freud

Who substantially revised orthodox psychoanalysis by expanding the role of the ego and working primarily with children?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Carl Jung
C. Anna Freud
D. Josef Breuer

A. The ego operates independently of the id.

What did Anna Freud argue about the ego's role?
A. The ego operates independently of the id.
B. The ego is subordinate to the superego.
C. The ego and id are the same.
D. The ego is non-existent in children.

C. Dreams represent repressed desires, fears, and conflicts.

What did Freud believe about the nature of dreams?
A. Dreams are purely random and meaningless.
B. Dreams have no manifest content.
C. Dreams represent repressed desires, fears, and conflicts.
D. Dreams are purely reflections of daily experiences.

B. Manifest Content

What aspect of dreams refers to the actual events in the dream?
A. Latent Content
B. Manifest Content
C. Subconscious Imagery
D. Dream Symbols

B. Case studies

What research method was primarily used by Freud, which has been criticized for incomplete and possibly inaccurate data collection?
A. Experimental research
B. Case studies
C. Surveys
D. Longitudinal studies

D. Inability to alter their level of ego control

Which personality trait is associated with individuals who are "ego brittle"?
A. Flexibility
B. Adaptability
C. Predictability
D. Inability to alter their level of ego control

A. Displacement

In Freud's theory, what is the term for shifting one's impulses from a disturbing object to a substitute?
A. Displacement
B. Repression
C. Projection
D. Identification

B. The order in which defense mechanisms

What does the term "hierarchy of defense mechanisms" refer to in Freud's theory?
A. The ranking of individuals based on their defense mechanisms
B. The order in which defense mechanisms are typically employed
C. The combination of id, ego, and superego in personality development
D. The organization of childhood memories