Assistive Technology Exam

chapter 1, delivery of services, and sensory aids ppt

T/F: at the most fundamental level, assistive technology systems represent someone with a disability doing something somewhere

true

Using the HAAT model, match the corresponding components:

human —> ?

assistive technology —> ?

activity —> ?

context —> ?

match from:

paul, thermos mug, carrying a cup of coffee, home, and coffee crane

human —> PAUL

assistive technology —> COFFEE CRANE

activity —> CARRYING A CUP OF COFFEE

context —> HOME

T/F: an individual must have the ability to touch a screen to use AAC devices such as the Tobii Dynavox devices

false

which fundamental element of the HAAT model defines the overall goal of the assistive technology system?

activity

Brian is a physical therapist and he wants to join a professional association who activities focus on AT. which of the following professional associations will he most likely join?

RESNA

Karmen was able to easily modify her client’s eating utensil with velcro she purchased from the local dollar store. this device would be considered to be what type of assistive technology?

low

the largest and most well known general source of information for assistive technology

ABLEDATA

T/F: despite being a great source for assistive technology information, the internet can be an unreliable source of AT information

true

T/F: many assistive technology devices are mass produced and available commercially

true

when the students considered the temperature of the cup of coffee Paul wanted to carry from his kitchen to his living room, what specific context of the human component of the HAAT model were they considering?

physical context

April is able to ambulate in her home but requires the use of a motorized scooter to complete her grocery shopping. which of the following characteristics of assistive technology best describes April’s use?

minimal

paul was a client who has ALS and has extreme weakness and extremely slurred speech. he uses a powerchair for his main source of functional mobility. which access method would be a BEST fit for Paul’s use of his Tobii Dynavox device throughout the day?

eye gaze

T/F: service delivery of assistive technology is most effective when a transdisciplinary approach is not utilized

false

the ________________ design of products and environments are usable for all people

universal

____________ ____________ are devices, services, strategies, and practices used to address and solve problems for individuals with disabilities

assistive technology

all of the following are core components of the HAAT model except…?

a. analysis

b. human

c. assistive technology

d. context

analysis

the recipient or end user of assistive technology is called the following. choose the best answer

a. engineer

b. developer

c. practitioner

d. consumer

consumer

which of the following is a type of access method used for augmentative and alternative communication devices

a. touch

b. eye gaze tracking

c. scanning

d. all the above

all the above

a device that requires skill development for use is considered to be which of the following

a. maximal

b. tool

c. appliance

d. minimal

tool

the UD principle of low physical effort includes all except

a. reasonable operating forces

b. providing effective feedback for motivation

c. allows the user to maintain neutral body position

d. minimizing repetitive actions

providing the effective feedback for motivation

which of the following is a true statement about direct selection?

a. it is the most difficult method cognitively

b. the user identifies a target and goes directly to it

c. it is based on sequential presentation of choices

d. it involves intermediate steps to make a selection

the user identifies a target and goes directly to it

which of the following is always true of a selection set?

a. it is always presented visually

b. it uses pictures to present choices

c. it is the same for all users

d. it is the group of items from which choices are made

it is the group of items from which choices are made

which of the following is not considered an element in the human-technology interface?

a. feedback from the device to the person

b. user’s motor, sensory, and cognitive abilities that influence control of a control interface

c. whether the user is a novice or expert user of the specific technology

d. positioning of a control interface

whether the user is a novie or expert user of the specific technology

which of the following is not a spatial characteristic of a control interface?

a. the size of the target

b. the target’s overall physical size, shape, and weight

c. the color of the target

d. the spacing between the targets

the color of the target

when prescribing assistive technology, which of the following factors should be considered?

physical, social, cultural, institutional

criterion-reference measurement is preferred for measuring performance of AT use because:

a. It compares performance of AT use to the population for which norms were developed

b. instruments that use criterion referencing can be used across a wide range of AT

c. it uses behavioral or functional descriptors to describe ability levels

d. the results are easier to interrupt than those achieved from norm-referenced measurements

it uses behavioral or functional descriptors to describe ability levels

assistive technology assessment and intervention should include all of the following except:

a. family, spouse, and employer input

b. computer-centered approach

c. components of the HAAT model

d. collaboration

e. device developers

device developers

Service delivery in assistive technology occurs in the following order:
a. needs identification, evaluation, implemented action, follow-up, recommendations
b. recommendations, implemented action, follow-up, evaluation, needs identification
c. evaluation, needs identification, recommendations, implemented action, follow-up
e. evaluation, recommendations, needs identification, implemented action, follow-up

evaluation, needs identification, recommendations, implemented action, follow-up

quantitative measures:

a. are obtained through interviews

b. include observations with clients

c. assign a number to an attribute

d. rely on the personal perspective of patients

assign a number to an attribute

the most critical components of the service delivery process for describing the conditions under which the client wants to use a device is the:

a. needs identification phase

b. outcome evaluation phase

c. recommendation phase

d. follow-up phase

needs identification phase

T/F: the rehabilitation act of 1973 mandated that individuals with disabilities could not be excluded from participating in the activity in the public sphere

false

_______________ are the services and specialized supports that a child needs to meet their educational goals

designated and services

which of the following, according to the individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA) is the purpose of related services to help a child? select all that apply.

a. make progress toward annual IEP goals

b. participate and make progress in the general education curriculum as well as extracurricular and other nonacademic activities

c. supplying supplementary aids, accommodations, modifications, and adaptive equipment

d. be educated alongside and participate with other children with and without disabilities

a, b, and d

an interdisciplinary professional association whose activities focus on AT. its members come from many disciplines and settings

RESNA

the only real measure of the success of AT devices is _________ ________

functional outcomes

what are the two major purposes of assistive vs rehabilitative or educational technologies?

help or teach

this type of technology includes functional activity, and is a part of one’s daily life and functional activities

assistive technologies

this type of technology is used as a tool for remediation or rehab, or is used to develop skills for the use of technology

rehabilitative or educational technologies

give some examples of low technology

• pencil and paper communication boards

• modified eating utensils

• simple splints

• velcro

give some examples of mid technology

• tape recorder

• talking calculator

• scanning pen

• audio books

give some examples of high technology

• wheelchairs

• electronic communication devices

• computers

• tablet computers

what is the best way to describe hard technologies?

• tangible

• cannot be successful without human knowledge

• can be purchased and assembled

• easier

what is the best way to describe soft technologies

• intangible

• human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, service delivery

• harder to obtain due to high dependency on human knowledge

this type of technology provides benefits to the individual despite skill level, household type of level

appliances

this type of technology requires the development of skill for its use, its designed to make the task easier such as a hammer, saw, and powered wheelchair

tools

this type of technology generally augment or provide assistance (impairment)

minimal

this type of technology may completely replace function (totally dependent)

maximal

this type of technology has seating and position systems, control interfaces, computers, used across a wide range of applications

general-purpose

this type of technology includes communication devices, hearing aids, and mobility aids

specific-purpose-facilitate performance in one application area

this type of technology can be bought anywhere - basically

commerical technology

this type of technology is built up to satisfy specific individualistic needs

custom technology

what Is considered to be a prime example of universal design?

curb cuts

how many principles are there of UD?

7_________________________________________________________

principle 1: equitable use

principle 2: flexibility in use

principle 3: simple and intuitive use

principle 4: perceptible information

principle 5: tolerance for error

principle 6: low physical effort

principle 7: size and space for approach and use

which UD principle?

the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities

principle 1: equitable use

which UD principle guidelines?

• provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not

• avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users

• provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users

• make the design appealing to all users

principle 1: equitable use

which UD principle?

the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities

principle 2: flexibility in use

which UD principle guidelines?

• provide choice in methods of use

• accommodate right- or left-handed access and use

• facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision

• provide adaptability to the user’s pace

principle 2: flexibility in use

which UD principle?

use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level

principle 3: simple and intuitive use

which UD principle guidelines?

• eliminate unnecessary complexity

• be consistent with user expectations and intuition

• accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills

• arrange information consistent with its importance

• provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion

principle 3: simple and intuitive use

which UD principle?

the design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities

principle 4: perceptible information

which UD principle guidelines?

• use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information

• provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings

• maximize “legibility” of essential information

• differentiate elements in ways that can be described (I.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions)

• provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations

principle 4: perceptible information

which UD principle?

the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

principle 5: tolerance for error

which UD principle guidelines?

• arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded

• provide warnings of hazards and errors

• provide fail safe features

• discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance

principle 5: tolerance for error

which UD principle?

the design can be used effectively and comfortable and with a minimum of fatigue

principle 6: low physical effort

which UD principle guidelines?

• allow user to maintain a neutral body position

• use reasonable operating forces

• minimize repetitive actions

• minimize sustained physical effort

principle 6: low physical effort

what makes up the direct consumer services process?

1. a consumer’s need for assistive technology is identified

2. an evaluation is completed

3. recommendations are made

4. the system is implemented; AT system setup

5. training the consumer and support personnel in its use

6. following the consumer’s progress with the system to make sure that it meets his or her needs

what are two ways to provide safe and effective application?

reimbursement and documentation

what is the difference between the AT certification and the ATP certification?

the AT certification focuses on skills and knowledge

the ATP certification recognizes demonstrated competence in analyzing the needs of consumers with disabilities, assisting in the selection of appropriate assistive technology for the consumer’s needs, and providing training in the use of the selected devices

what are the three principles that make up an assessment?

1. skills and abilities

2. activities to perform

3. contexts

what are the three principles that make up an intervention?

1. enabling

2. ongoing and deliberate

3. consumer focused

what is the delivery process?

1. referral and intake

2. initial evaluation

   a. needs identification

   b. skills evaluation

   c. device characteristics

3. recommendations and report

4. implementation

   a. order and setup

   b. delivery and training

   c. training

5. follow up

6. follow along

at this stage of the delivery process, you would gather preliminary data, determine match between needs and services, and determine services to provide

referral and intake

this is a measurable number, and is beneficial in some areas such as ROM

quantitative

this measures those things that are not quantifiable, and helps to understand user’s experience

qualitative

this is measured against sample of others at task

norm-referenced

aim for achievement of some score, goal attainment scaling (-2 to 2)

criterion referenced

loss of peripheral or central vision

visual field deficit

clarity with which one sees environment, change in retina that impedes focus, near sighted, far sighted

visual acuity

moving objects

visual tracking

still objects but eyes moving

visual scanning

differentiating between object and background

visual contrast

refocusing when changing focus from one thing to another

visual accommodation

giving meaning to visual information

visual perception

when performing a skill evaluation on the physical level, what are some aspects we would look at?

range of motion

muscle strength

muscle tone

obligatory motions (reflexes)

balance

gross and fine motor skills

motor planning

when performing a skills evaluation on the cognitive level, what three aspects are we looking at?

orientation

attention

executive function

when performing a skills evaluation on the language level, what aspects are we looking at?

must be known for the use of AT

expressive and receptive

categorization

sequencing

social communication

recognition

motor speech skills

pragmatic skills (syntax and semantics)

safety, transportation, light, temperature, and noise are examples of what?

physical aspects of context evaluation

attitudes of others in context, ability to assist with device, opportunity barriers, access barriers, and being particularly important for augmented communication and cognitive assistance devices are examples of what?

social aspects of context evaluation

negative views of disability and high value for independence are examples of what?

cultural aspects of context evaluation

regulations on where AT can be used (only at school), and regulations on which AT can be funded and who is eligible are examples of what?

institutional aspects of context evaluation

what are the device characteristics for human/technology interface?

• physical properties of device

• feedback to user

• number of inputs

• method of selection

what are the device characteristics for processors?

• commands

• control parameters

• data or information processing

what are the device characteristics for activity output?

• magnitude

• precision

• flexibility

what are the device characteristics for environmental sensors?

• threshold

• range

what are the device characteristics for physical construction?

• mountability

• portability

• packaging

what are the ways to match tech to consumer needs?

1. how easy the device is to use and learn to use

2. ability of consumer and support system to transport device

3. relevant positioning aspects

4. comfort when using device

5. preliminary assessment of whether device is helping consumer to reach goals

what does HAAT stand for?

HUMAN, ACTIVITY, ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY, CONTEXT

what are some common visual disorders?

congenital blindness, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic eye disease

what are three categories for magnification aids?

1. optical aids

2. non-optical aids

3. electronic aids

ability to see print, fine detail, or increase the range of their visual fields; directly affects the image presented to the eye

optical aids