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Igbo-Ukwu
one fo first complex societies that arose in Western Africa, believed to have started in 900 CE, by the 12th century had well organized trade networks with other African states
Youruba Empire Time periods
State of Ife, Kingdom of Benin, Kingdom of Oya
State of Ife:
1100 CE, center of trade— ivory, gold, pepper, kola nuts, slaves
Kingdom of Benin:
1500 CE, not much known
Kingdom of Oya:
prominent city→ vast empire, 15th century surpassed Ife in terms of power but Ife was still a prosperous center of religion
What religion became prominent in Northern Nigeria in the 15th century?
Islam, through the trans-Saharan trade route
What group came to Nigeria in 1850?
Christian missionaries
The history of Nigeria is tied to what trade?
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
1480:
Items like pepper, ivory, cloth and slaves were exchanged for Portuguese gold
1750 and onwards:
Dutch and British got involved with the slave trade (Dutch dominated in the 17th century, British in the 18th century)
1833:
abolishment of the slave trade
1840s:
slavery expanded despite abolishment
1901:
Nigeria became a British protectorate
1960:
Nigeria gained independence, followed by three years of political, economic, ethnic, cultural, and religious tensions
1963:
Nigeria established a republic, followed by a bloody coup d’etat led by a general to establish military rule
1967:
Three year Biafran War
Biafran War
war between the government of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, which was a nation of seperatists that represented the nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people
1979:
Nigeria became a republic again, with a constitution, followed by a ten year military rule
1993:
Talk of a new Nigerian republic, shot down by military general Sani Abacha
1998:
Nigeria officially becomes a republic
Igbo:
one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, many regional dialects of the language. Most work as craftsmen, farmers, and traders.
Most important traditional crop to the Igbo people
Yams
How were Igbo governments run?
their communities were ruled solely by a republican consultative assembly of the common people. “Men of title” have a say in the community
How was masking used in Igbo culture?
Masks were used in social satires, religious rituals, secret society initiations, and public festivals. The masks are a common art style in Igbo culture, usually made of either wood or fabric
1857:
Christianity via European Missionaries was first introduced to the Igbo tribe
How did Christian missionaries end up converting most of the Igbo tribe?
Through building schools to indoctrinate the children
Odinani
the traditional Igbo religion
Chukwu
“Great Spirit”, the supreme deity that created the world and everything in it
What are the four different parts of Odinani?
all four elements come from the Cosmos:
Okike: creation
Alusi: supernatuarl forces/deities
Mmuo: spirits
Uwa: world
What are all the steps to marriage in Igbo culture?
ask young woman’s consent, introduction to each other’s families
testing the bride’s character/checking her background
paying her wealth, typically through things like kola nuts, wine, goats, etc.
Chi:
your personal god or spirit, that some believe can control your destiny
How was Igbo society structured?
there are titled and untitled citizens, titles were earned and a great measure of respect
Egwugwu:
Titled men
Osu:
the social outcasts, not allowed ot cut their hair and not a part of Igbo society