public speaking midterm ☹️

4 part introduction and its importance

*Attention getter- get the audience interest (using a quote question story or statistic)

*introduce yourself: preview main points and state topic

*Credibility Statement/ethos argument Shows why you’re qualified to speak on the topic.

*Establish rapport- why should the audience care

4 methods of speech delivery

*Manuscript Reading a written speech word-for-word (e.g., political address).

*Memorized Reciting a fully memorized speech (e.g., a play) .

*Impromptu Speaking without preparation (e.g., answering a question in class).

*Extemporaneous Prepared and practiced, but delivered conversationally with notes (most common in class).

Encoding

The speaker translates thoughts into words, gestures, and visuals.

Decoding

• The audience interprets and makes sense of the speaker’s message.

7 elements of public speaking

• Speaker – The person delivering the message.

• Message – The content being communicated.

• Channel – The medium (voice, visuals, etc.).

• Audience – The receivers of the message.

• Feedback – Responses from the audience (verbal or nonverbal).

• Noise – Anything that interferes (e.g., distractions, misunderstandings).

• Context – The situation, setting, and background influencing communication.

Four demographic characteristics

• Age – Influences interests and references.

• Gender – May affect perspectives or communication styles.

• Cultural Background – Shapes values, norms, and expectations.

• Education Level – Affects vocabulary, complexity, and examples used.

Four kinds of listening

*Appreciative – Listening for enjoyment (e.g., music, storytelling).

• Empathic – Listening to support or understand emotions (e.g., friend venting).

• Comprehensive – Listening to learn or understand (e.g., lecture).

• Critical – Listening to evaluate or judge (e.g., persuasive speech).

Planned redundancy

is the intentional repetition of key ideas to reinforce understanding and retention.

5 kinds of supporting materials

• Examples – Real or hypothetical illustrations.

• Statistics – Numerical data to support claims.

• Testimony – Quotes or paraphrases from experts or witnesses.

• Definitions – Clarifying unfamiliar terms.

• Narratives – Stories that make ideas relatable and memorable.