Unit 5 Part 2A - Mental and Physical Health

Psychological Disorders

A collection of symptoms marked by a distribution of people’s thoughts, emotions, or behavior that causes distress or suffering.

Medical Model

The concept that diseases - in this case - psychological disorders - have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Taijin Kyofusho

In Japanese culture, the fear that others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing.

Diathesis stress model

The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder.

Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more psychological disorders in the same individual, often complicating diagnosis and treatment.

3 aims of classification outside of just identifying a disorder.

Predict a disorder’s future course, suggest appropriate treatment treatment, and prompt research into its causes.

Why is the DSM criticized?

The DSM is criticized for its categorical approach, potential for over-diagnosis, and reliance on subjective criteria, which may contribute to stigma and misunderstandings about mental health.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

It is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent, often used as a coping mechanism for emotional distress. Ex. Cutting, burning, hitting yourself

Immigrant paradox

The immigrant paradox refers to the phenomenon where immigrant groups often show better mental and physical health outcomes than native-born populations, despite facing socioeconomic disadvantages. This can be attributed to factors such as strong social networks and cultural resilience.

Anxiety disorders

A group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, or anxiety that can interfere with daily activities.

Social anxiety disorders

A type of anxiety disorder marked by intense fear of social situations and being judged by others, leading to avoidance behaviors.

Generalized anxiety disorder

A chronic condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday issues, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as restlessness and fatigue.

Free-floating anxiety

is a type of anxiety characterized by chronic, nonspecific apprehension or fear without a clear or identifiable source.

Panic disorder

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which include physical symptoms like heart palpitations and shortness of breath.

Ataque de nervois

A term used in Latin American cultures to describe a panic attack or severe anxiety episode, often manifesting with symptoms like trembling, shortness of breath, and feelings of losing control.

Symptoms of phobias

Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation.

4 factors to determine a psychological disorder

dysfunction: Refers to a disruption in a person’s Authority to perform normal daily activities, and responsibilities

Distress: refers to a subjective experience of emotional pain or discomfort caused by abnormal behavior, thoughts, or feelings

Deviance: refers to behavior, thoughts or feelings that significantly differ from what is considered, socially acceptable

Danger: refers to the potential risk that the person poses to themselves or others

4 types of compulsions in OCD

Hoarders

Checkers

Counters

Cleaners

trauma and stressor related disorders

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper-vigilance, and avoidance of trauma related, stimuli, social withdrawal, jumping anxiety, numbness of feeling, and or insomnia that lingers for four more weeks after a traumatic experience.

what Neurotransmitters have been linked to anxiety disorders?

serotonin: influence his sleep mood and attending to threats

glutamate: Heightens activities in the brain alarm centers

Anterior cingulate cortex, frontal lobe

Hyperactive in those with OCD

Amygdala with OCD

Creates fear circuits with fear-learning experiences

bipolar I disorder

The most of your form in which people experience a euphoric talkative, highly energetic and overly ambitious state that last week or longer.

mania

A hyperactive widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

bipolar II disorder

A less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

Rapid Cycling

Rapid cycling is the switch between the highs and lows of bipolar

Gender differences in major depressive disorder and bipolar

Major Depressive Disorder: It is a lot more common for women

Bipolar: Equal for both

Brain activity during depression and bipolar disorder

Major depressive disorder: decreases

Bipolar: Increases

Norepinephrine levels during depression and bipolar

major depressive disorder: decreases

Bipolar: increases

Serotonin levels during depression and bipolar

Major depressive disorder: Increases

Bipolar: no change

Rumination

compulsive fretting; Overthinking our problems and their causes

psychotic disorders

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, disorder, perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

disturb perceptions, disorganized, or diluted speech or inappropriate laughter, tears or rage

Things you have but shouldn’t

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

emotionless voices, emotionless faces or mute and rigid bodies

Things you lack

Delusions

A false belief often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany, psychotic disorders

hallucinations

A perception of having seen hard touch tasted or smelled something that wasn’t actually there

Gender differences in schizophrenia

Men are diagnosed more

chronic schizophrenia

Symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Acute schizophrenia

can begin at any age frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event. Recovery is much more likely.

Dompaine hypothesis

there is access number Of dopamine receptors in schizophrenia

different brain functions with schizophrenia

Low activity in the frontal lobes, decreased brain waves, increased activity in the thalamus and amygdala during hallucinations, Shrinking and thinning of the cerebral tissue

dissociative amnesia

A disorder in which people with intact, brains, reportedly experienced memory, gaps people with dissociative amnesia, may report not remembering trauma related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity or life history

Personality disorders

A quarter of disorder is characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural, norms and expectations are persuasive, and inflexible begin and adolescent to early childhood are stable overtime and causes disstress or impairment

Cluster emotions

Cluster A: Eccentric or cold

Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Cluster C: anxious or fearful

what is there less off in people with antisocial personality disorder?

Less frontal lobe tissue and reduce activity in the frontal lobe

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Central nervous system abnormalities as sore in childhood and alter thinking and behavior